{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T14:15:52Z","timestamp":1777904152661,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate neuropathological changes in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy and history of focal seizures using previously described criteria for temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) in humans and other animals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a prospective descriptive study. Dogs of any age, sex, or breed with a history of idiopathic epilepsy and focal seizures were included. Immediately following euthanasia, dogs were perfused, and tissue was collected. Brains were sectioned, mounted, and stained. Nissl-stained slides were used for stereology, and Timm stain was used to evaluate for evidence of mossy fiber sprouting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      7 dogs were included in the final analysis. For stereological cell counts evaluating hilar neuron loss, no case was significantly lower in number of neurons. Additional analysis compared right and left to look for asymmetry, and none were significant (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .259). Using Timm stain to evaluate mossy fiber sprouting, no cases showed extensive sprouting, and no asymmetry was detected between left and right hippocampi (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .054).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In our cohort, while there were changes associated with seizures detected within the hippocampi, none were severe or consistent enough to qualify as TLE using the human criteria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study focused on dogs with focal seizures as their main seizure presentation as that is the most common semiology in people with TLE. However, a future study could consider evaluating the neuropathology of dogs with asymmetric hippocampi detected on MRI. If TLE can be shown in dogs, then advanced treatment options, such as surgery or laser ablation, could be considered in refractory patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.07.0260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T18:28:44Z","timestamp":1769192924000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dogs with idiopathic epilepsy and focal epileptic seizures lack hilar neuron loss and mossy fiber sprouting of temporal lobe epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Kristin","family":"Baert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sue","family":"Osting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"DiPaola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BluePearl Veterinary Hospital, Malvern, PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1627-1799","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paul","family":"Buckmaster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology & Neurosurgical Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5009-2546","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Starr","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"175","article-title":"International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force\u2019s current understanding of idiopathic epilepsy of genetic or suspected genetic origin in purebred dogs","author":"H\u00fclsmeyer VI","year":"2015","unstructured":"H\u00fclsmeyer VI, Fischer A, Mandigers PJJ, et al. International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force\u2019s current understanding of idiopathic epilepsy of genetic or suspected genetic origin in purebred dogs. BMC Vet Res. 2015;11:175. doi:10.1186\/s12917-015-0463-0"},{"key":"B2","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"148","article-title":"International veterinary epilepsy task force consensus proposal: diagnostic approach to epilepsy in dogs","author":"De Risio L","year":"2015","unstructured":"De Risio L, Bhatti S, Mu\u00f1ana K, et al. International veterinary epilepsy task force consensus proposal: diagnostic approach to epilepsy in dogs. BMC Vet Res. 2015;11:148. doi:10.1186\/s12917-015-0462-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"B3","series-title":"Acta Neuropathol","first-page":"211","article-title":"Infections, inflammation and epilepsy","author":"Vezzani A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vezzani A, Fujinami RS, White HS, et al. Infections, inflammation and epilepsy. Acta Neuropathol. 2016;131(2):211\u2013234. doi:10.1007\/s00401-015-1481-5"},{"issue":"10","key":"B4","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"e89","article-title":"Estimation of the prevalence of idiopathic epilepsy and structural epilepsy in a general population of 900 dogs undergoing MRI for epileptic seizures","author":"Hall R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hall R, Labruyere J, Volk H, Cardy TJ. Estimation of the prevalence of idiopathic epilepsy and structural epilepsy in a general population of 900 dogs undergoing MRI for epileptic seizures. Vet Rec. 2020;187(10):e89. doi:10.1136\/vr.105647"},{"key":"B5","series-title":"Epilepsy: a Comprehensive Textbook","first-page":"2417","article-title":"Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy","author":"Engel J Jr","year":"1997","unstructured":"Engel J Jr. Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. In: Epilepsy: a Comprehensive Textbook. Lippincott-Raven Press; 1997:2417\u20132426."},{"key":"B6","series-title":"Epilepsy Res Treat","first-page":"751510","article-title":"Temporal lobe epilepsy semiology","author":"Blair RDG","year":"2012","unstructured":"Blair RDG. Temporal lobe epilepsy semiology. Epilepsy Res Treat. 2012;2012:751510. doi:10.1155\/2012\/751510"},{"issue":"10","key":"B7","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"1393","article-title":"Correlations between granule cell dispersion, mossy fiber sprouting, and hippocampal cell loss in temporal lobe epilepsy","author":"Bahh BE","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bahh BE, Lespinet V, Lurton D, Coussemacq M, Salle GLGL, Rougier A. Correlations between granule cell dispersion, mossy fiber sprouting, and hippocampal cell loss in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1999;40(10):1393\u20131401. doi:10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1999.tb02011.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"B8","series-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol","first-page":"520","article-title":"Review: hippocampal sclerosis in epilepsy: a neuropathology review","author":"Thom M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thom M. Review: hippocampal sclerosis in epilepsy: a neuropathology review. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2014;40(5):520\u2013543. doi:10.1111\/nan.12150"},{"issue":"6","key":"B9","series-title":"Hippocampus","first-page":"580","article-title":"Mossy fiber sprouting into the hippocampal region CA2 in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy","author":"Freiman TM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Freiman TM, H\u00e4ussler U, Zentner J, et al. Mossy fiber sprouting into the hippocampal region CA2 in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Hippocampus. 2021;31(6):580\u2013592. doi:10.1002\/hipo.23323"},{"issue":"4","key":"B10","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"719","article-title":"MRI volumetric measurement of amygdala and hippocampus in temporal lobe epilepsy","author":"Cendes F","year":"1993","unstructured":"Cendes F, Andermann F, Gloor P, et al. MRI volumetric measurement of amygdala and hippocampus in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 1993;43(4):719\u2013719. doi:10.1212\/WNL.43.4.719"},{"key":"B11","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy","author":"Nayak CS","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nayak CS, Bandyopadhyay S. Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024."},{"key":"B12","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"527","article-title":"Surgical outcomes of laser interstitial thermal therapy for temporal lobe epilepsy: systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Kerezoudis P","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kerezoudis P, Parisi V, Marsh WR, et al. Surgical outcomes of laser interstitial thermal therapy for temporal lobe epilepsy: systematic review and meta-analysis. World Neurosurg. 2020;143:527\u2013536.e3. doi:10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.07.194"},{"key":"B13","series-title":"Epilepsy Res","first-page":"106473","article-title":"A prospective multicenter study of laser ablation for drug resistant epilepsy \u2013 one year outcomes","author":"Landazuri P","year":"2020","unstructured":"Landazuri P, Shih J, Leuthardt E, et al. A prospective multicenter study of laser ablation for drug resistant epilepsy \u2013 one year outcomes. Epilepsy Res. 2020;167:106473. doi:10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2020.106473"},{"issue":"2","key":"B14","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"170","article-title":"Temporal lobe epilepsy surgery: outcome, complications, and late mortality rate in 215 patients","author":"Salanova V","year":"2002","unstructured":"Salanova V, Markand O, Worth R. Temporal lobe epilepsy surgery: outcome, complications, and late mortality rate in 215 patients. Epilepsia. 2002;43(2):170\u2013174. doi:10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2002.33800.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"B15","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"95","article-title":"Absence of temporal lobe epilepsy pathology in dogs with medically intractable epilepsy","author":"Buckmaster PS","year":"2002","unstructured":"Buckmaster PS, Smith MO, Buckmaster CL, LeCouteur RA, Dudek FE. Absence of temporal lobe epilepsy pathology in dogs with medically intractable epilepsy. J Vet Intern Med. 2002;16(1):95\u201399. doi:10.1892\/0891-6640(2002)016<0095:aotlep>2.3.co;2"},{"key":"B16","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"183","article-title":"A subset of dogs with presumptive idiopathic epilepsy show hippocampal asymmetry: a volumetric comparison with non-epileptic dogs using MRI","author":"Estey CM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Estey CM, Dewey CW, Rishniw M, et al. A subset of dogs with presumptive idiopathic epilepsy show hippocampal asymmetry: a volumetric comparison with non-epileptic dogs using MRI. Front Vet Sci. 2017;4:183. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2017.00183"},{"issue":"3","key":"B17","series-title":"Brain","first-page":"499","article-title":"Epilepsy and the temporal lobes: a clinical, electroencephalographic and neuropathological study of the brain in epilepsy, with particular reference to the temporal lobes","author":"Margerison JH","year":"1966","unstructured":"Margerison JH, Corsellis JA. Epilepsy and the temporal lobes: a clinical, electroencephalographic and neuropathological study of the brain in epilepsy, with particular reference to the temporal lobes. Brain. 1966;89(3):499\u2013530. doi:10.1093\/brain\/89.3.499"},{"issue":"8","key":"B18","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"1373","article-title":"Hippocampal cell loss in posttraumatic human epilepsy","author":"Swartz BE","year":"2006","unstructured":"Swartz BE, Houser CR, Tomiyasu U, et al. Hippocampal cell loss in posttraumatic human epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2006;47(8):1373\u20131382. doi:10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00602.x"},{"issue":"7","key":"B19","series-title":"J Comp Neurol","first-page":"1691","article-title":"Hippocampal neuropathology of domoic acid\u2013induced epilepsy in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)","author":"Buckmaster PS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Buckmaster PS, Wen X, Toyoda I, Gulland FMD, Van Bonn W. Hippocampal neuropathology of domoic acid\u2013induced epilepsy in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). J Comp Neurol. 2014;522(7):1691\u20131706. doi:10.1002\/cne.23509"},{"issue":"11","key":"B20","series-title":"J Comp Neurol","first-page":"2592","article-title":"Seizure frequency correlates with loss of dentate gyrus GABAergic neurons in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy","author":"Buckmaster PS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buckmaster PS, Abrams E, Wen X. Seizure frequency correlates with loss of dentate gyrus GABAergic neurons in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. J Comp Neurol. 2017;525(11):2592\u20132610. doi:10.1002\/cne.24226"},{"key":"B21","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"135","article-title":"Structural connectivity differences in left and right temporal lobe epilepsy","author":"Besson P","year":"2014","unstructured":"Besson P, Dinkelacker V, Valabregue R, et al. Structural connectivity differences in left and right temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroimage. 2014;100:135\u2013144. doi:10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.04.071"},{"issue":"4","key":"B22","series-title":"Anat Rec","first-page":"482","article-title":"Unbiased stereological estimation of the total number of neurons in the subdivisions of the rat hippocampus using the optical fractionator","author":"West MJ","year":"1991","unstructured":"West MJ, Slomianka L, Gundersen HJG. Unbiased stereological estimation of the total number of neurons in the subdivisions of the rat hippocampus using the optical fractionator. Anat Rec. 1991;231(4):482\u2013497. doi:10.1002\/ar.1092310411"},{"issue":"9","key":"B23","series-title":"J Neurosci","first-page":"2795","article-title":"Mossy fiber synaptic reorganization induced by kindling: time course of development, progression, and permanence","author":"Cavazos JE","year":"1991","unstructured":"Cavazos JE, Golarai G, Sutula TP. Mossy fiber synaptic reorganization induced by kindling: time course of development, progression, and permanence. J Neurosci. 1991;11(9):2795\u20132803. doi:10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-09-02795.1991"},{"issue":"4","key":"B24","series-title":"J Comp Neurol","first-page":"563","article-title":"Neuron loss and axon reorganization in the dentate gyrus of cats infected with the feline immunodeficiency virus","author":"Mitchell TW","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mitchell TW, Buckmaster PS, Hoover EA, Whalen LR, Dudek FE. Neuron loss and axon reorganization in the dentate gyrus of cats infected with the feline immunodeficiency virus. J Comp Neurol. 1999;411(4):563\u2013577."},{"issue":"1","key":"B25","series-title":"J Comp Neurol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Unbiased stereological estimation of the number of neurons in the human hippocampus","author":"West MJ","year":"1990","unstructured":"West MJ, Gundersen HJG. Unbiased stereological estimation of the number of neurons in the human hippocampus. J Comp Neurol. 1990;296(1):1\u201322. doi:10.1002\/cne.902960102"},{"issue":"3","key":"B26","series-title":"Vet Anim Sci","first-page":"380","article-title":"Influence of age on the pathology of hippocampus and variation in the number of neurons of the hilar region in the brain of dogs","author":"Dhanya T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dhanya T, Prasanna KS, Hamza P, et al. Influence of age on the pathology of hippocampus and variation in the number of neurons of the hilar region in the brain of dogs. Vet Anim Sci. 2022;53(3):380\u2013384. doi:10.51966\/jvas.2022.53.3.380-384"},{"issue":"1","key":"B27","series-title":"Neurobiol Aging","first-page":"39","article-title":"Region specific neuron loss in the aged canine hippocampus is reduced by enrichment","author":"Siwak-Tapp CT","year":"2008","unstructured":"Siwak-Tapp CT, Head E, Muggenburg BA, Milgram NW, Cotman CW. Region specific neuron loss in the aged canine hippocampus is reduced by enrichment. Neurobiol Aging. 2008;29(1):39\u201350. doi:10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2006.09.018"},{"issue":"1","key":"B28","series-title":"Neuroscience","first-page":"101","article-title":"Evolution of hippocampal epileptic activity during the development of hippocampal sclerosis in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy","author":"Riban V","year":"2002","unstructured":"Riban V, Bouilleret V, Pham-L\u00ea BT, Fritschy JM, Marescaux C, Depaulis A. Evolution of hippocampal epileptic activity during the development of hippocampal sclerosis in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroscience. 2002;112(1):101\u2013111. doi:10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00064-7"},{"issue":"5","key":"B29","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"485","article-title":"Clinical magnetic resonance volumetry of the hippocampus in 58 epileptic dogs","author":"Kuwabara T","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kuwabara T, Hasegawa D, Kobayashi M, Fujita M, Orima H. Clinical magnetic resonance volumetry of the hippocampus in 58 epileptic dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2010;51(5):485\u2013490. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2010.01700.x"},{"key":"B30","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Focal onset seizure","author":"Ighodaro ET","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ighodaro ET, Maini K, Arya K, Sharma S. Focal onset seizure. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024."},{"issue":"7","key":"B31","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"1315","article-title":"International consensus classification of hippocampal sclerosis in temporal lobe epilepsy: a task force report from the ILAE commission on diagnostic methods","author":"Bl\u00fcmcke I","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bl\u00fcmcke I, Thom M, Aronica E, et al. International consensus classification of hippocampal sclerosis in temporal lobe epilepsy: a task force report from the ILAE commission on diagnostic methods. Epilepsia. 2013;54(7):1315\u20131329. doi:10.1111\/epi.12220"},{"key":"B1","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"175","article-title":"International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force\u2019s current understanding of idiopathic epilepsy of genetic or suspected genetic origin in purebred dogs","author":"H\u00fclsmeyer VI","year":"2015","unstructured":"H\u00fclsmeyer VI, Fischer A, Mandigers PJJ, et al. International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force\u2019s current understanding of idiopathic epilepsy of genetic or suspected genetic origin in purebred dogs. BMC Vet Res. 2015;11:175. doi:10.1186\/s12917-015-0463-0"},{"key":"B2","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"148","article-title":"International veterinary epilepsy task force consensus proposal: diagnostic approach to epilepsy in dogs","author":"De Risio L","year":"2015","unstructured":"De Risio L, Bhatti S, Mu\u00f1ana K, et al. International veterinary epilepsy task force consensus proposal: diagnostic approach to epilepsy in dogs. BMC Vet Res. 2015;11:148. doi:10.1186\/s12917-015-0462-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"B3","series-title":"Acta Neuropathol","first-page":"211","article-title":"Infections, inflammation and epilepsy","author":"Vezzani A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vezzani A, Fujinami RS, White HS, et al. Infections, inflammation and epilepsy. Acta Neuropathol. 2016;131(2):211\u2013234. doi:10.1007\/s00401-015-1481-5"},{"issue":"10","key":"B4","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"e89","article-title":"Estimation of the prevalence of idiopathic epilepsy and structural epilepsy in a general population of 900 dogs undergoing MRI for epileptic seizures","author":"Hall R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hall R, Labruyere J, Volk H, Cardy TJ. Estimation of the prevalence of idiopathic epilepsy and structural epilepsy in a general population of 900 dogs undergoing MRI for epileptic seizures. Vet Rec. 2020;187(10):e89. doi:10.1136\/vr.105647"},{"key":"B5","series-title":"Epilepsy: a Comprehensive Textbook","first-page":"2417","article-title":"Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy","author":"Engel J Jr","year":"1997","unstructured":"Engel J Jr. Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. In: Epilepsy: a Comprehensive Textbook. Lippincott-Raven Press; 1997:2417\u20132426."},{"key":"B6","series-title":"Epilepsy Res Treat","first-page":"751510","article-title":"Temporal lobe epilepsy semiology","author":"Blair RDG","year":"2012","unstructured":"Blair RDG. Temporal lobe epilepsy semiology. Epilepsy Res Treat. 2012;2012:751510. doi:10.1155\/2012\/751510"},{"issue":"10","key":"B7","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"1393","article-title":"Correlations between granule cell dispersion, mossy fiber sprouting, and hippocampal cell loss in temporal lobe epilepsy","author":"Bahh BE","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bahh BE, Lespinet V, Lurton D, Coussemacq M, Salle GLGL, Rougier A. Correlations between granule cell dispersion, mossy fiber sprouting, and hippocampal cell loss in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1999;40(10):1393\u20131401. doi:10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1999.tb02011.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"B8","series-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol","first-page":"520","article-title":"Review: hippocampal sclerosis in epilepsy: a neuropathology review","author":"Thom M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thom M. Review: hippocampal sclerosis in epilepsy: a neuropathology review. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2014;40(5):520\u2013543. doi:10.1111\/nan.12150"},{"issue":"6","key":"B9","series-title":"Hippocampus","first-page":"580","article-title":"Mossy fiber sprouting into the hippocampal region CA2 in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy","author":"Freiman TM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Freiman TM, H\u00e4ussler U, Zentner J, et al. Mossy fiber sprouting into the hippocampal region CA2 in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Hippocampus. 2021;31(6):580\u2013592. doi:10.1002\/hipo.23323"},{"issue":"4","key":"B10","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"719","article-title":"MRI volumetric measurement of amygdala and hippocampus in temporal lobe epilepsy","author":"Cendes F","year":"1993","unstructured":"Cendes F, Andermann F, Gloor P, et al. MRI volumetric measurement of amygdala and hippocampus in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 1993;43(4):719\u2013719. doi:10.1212\/WNL.43.4.719"},{"key":"B11","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy","author":"Nayak CS","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nayak CS, Bandyopadhyay S. Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024."},{"key":"B12","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"527","article-title":"Surgical outcomes of laser interstitial thermal therapy for temporal lobe epilepsy: systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Kerezoudis P","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kerezoudis P, Parisi V, Marsh WR, et al. Surgical outcomes of laser interstitial thermal therapy for temporal lobe epilepsy: systematic review and meta-analysis. World Neurosurg. 2020;143:527\u2013536.e3. doi:10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.07.194"},{"key":"B13","series-title":"Epilepsy Res","first-page":"106473","article-title":"A prospective multicenter study of laser ablation for drug resistant epilepsy \u2013 one year outcomes","author":"Landazuri P","year":"2020","unstructured":"Landazuri P, Shih J, Leuthardt E, et al. A prospective multicenter study of laser ablation for drug resistant epilepsy \u2013 one year outcomes. Epilepsy Res. 2020;167:106473. doi:10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2020.106473"},{"issue":"2","key":"B14","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"170","article-title":"Temporal lobe epilepsy surgery: outcome, complications, and late mortality rate in 215 patients","author":"Salanova V","year":"2002","unstructured":"Salanova V, Markand O, Worth R. Temporal lobe epilepsy surgery: outcome, complications, and late mortality rate in 215 patients. Epilepsia. 2002;43(2):170\u2013174. doi:10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2002.33800.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"B15","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"95","article-title":"Absence of temporal lobe epilepsy pathology in dogs with medically intractable epilepsy","author":"Buckmaster PS","year":"2002","unstructured":"Buckmaster PS, Smith MO, Buckmaster CL, LeCouteur RA, Dudek FE. Absence of temporal lobe epilepsy pathology in dogs with medically intractable epilepsy. J Vet Intern Med. 2002;16(1):95\u201399. doi:10.1892\/0891-6640(2002)016<0095:aotlep>2.3.co;2"},{"key":"B16","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"183","article-title":"A subset of dogs with presumptive idiopathic epilepsy show hippocampal asymmetry: a volumetric comparison with non-epileptic dogs using MRI","author":"Estey CM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Estey CM, Dewey CW, Rishniw M, et al. A subset of dogs with presumptive idiopathic epilepsy show hippocampal asymmetry: a volumetric comparison with non-epileptic dogs using MRI. Front Vet Sci. 2017;4:183. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2017.00183"},{"issue":"3","key":"B17","series-title":"Brain","first-page":"499","article-title":"Epilepsy and the temporal lobes: a clinical, electroencephalographic and neuropathological study of the brain in epilepsy, with particular reference to the temporal lobes","author":"Margerison JH","year":"1966","unstructured":"Margerison JH, Corsellis JA. Epilepsy and the temporal lobes: a clinical, electroencephalographic and neuropathological study of the brain in epilepsy, with particular reference to the temporal lobes. Brain. 1966;89(3):499\u2013530. doi:10.1093\/brain\/89.3.499"},{"issue":"8","key":"B18","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"1373","article-title":"Hippocampal cell loss in posttraumatic human epilepsy","author":"Swartz BE","year":"2006","unstructured":"Swartz BE, Houser CR, Tomiyasu U, et al. Hippocampal cell loss in posttraumatic human epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2006;47(8):1373\u20131382. doi:10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00602.x"},{"issue":"7","key":"B19","series-title":"J Comp Neurol","first-page":"1691","article-title":"Hippocampal neuropathology of domoic acid\u2013induced epilepsy in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)","author":"Buckmaster PS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Buckmaster PS, Wen X, Toyoda I, Gulland FMD, Van Bonn W. Hippocampal neuropathology of domoic acid\u2013induced epilepsy in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). J Comp Neurol. 2014;522(7):1691\u20131706. doi:10.1002\/cne.23509"},{"issue":"11","key":"B20","series-title":"J Comp Neurol","first-page":"2592","article-title":"Seizure frequency correlates with loss of dentate gyrus GABAergic neurons in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy","author":"Buckmaster PS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buckmaster PS, Abrams E, Wen X. Seizure frequency correlates with loss of dentate gyrus GABAergic neurons in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. J Comp Neurol. 2017;525(11):2592\u20132610. doi:10.1002\/cne.24226"},{"key":"B21","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"135","article-title":"Structural connectivity differences in left and right temporal lobe epilepsy","author":"Besson P","year":"2014","unstructured":"Besson P, Dinkelacker V, Valabregue R, et al. Structural connectivity differences in left and right temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroimage. 2014;100:135\u2013144. doi:10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.04.071"},{"issue":"4","key":"B22","series-title":"Anat Rec","first-page":"482","article-title":"Unbiased stereological estimation of the total number of neurons in the subdivisions of the rat hippocampus using the optical fractionator","author":"West MJ","year":"1991","unstructured":"West MJ, Slomianka L, Gundersen HJG. Unbiased stereological estimation of the total number of neurons in the subdivisions of the rat hippocampus using the optical fractionator. Anat Rec. 1991;231(4):482\u2013497. doi:10.1002\/ar.1092310411"},{"issue":"9","key":"B23","series-title":"J Neurosci","first-page":"2795","article-title":"Mossy fiber synaptic reorganization induced by kindling: time course of development, progression, and permanence","author":"Cavazos JE","year":"1991","unstructured":"Cavazos JE, Golarai G, Sutula TP. Mossy fiber synaptic reorganization induced by kindling: time course of development, progression, and permanence. J Neurosci. 1991;11(9):2795\u20132803. doi:10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-09-02795.1991"},{"issue":"4","key":"B24","series-title":"J Comp Neurol","first-page":"563","article-title":"Neuron loss and axon reorganization in the dentate gyrus of cats infected with the feline immunodeficiency virus","author":"Mitchell TW","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mitchell TW, Buckmaster PS, Hoover EA, Whalen LR, Dudek FE. Neuron loss and axon reorganization in the dentate gyrus of cats infected with the feline immunodeficiency virus. J Comp Neurol. 1999;411(4):563\u2013577."},{"issue":"1","key":"B25","series-title":"J Comp Neurol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Unbiased stereological estimation of the number of neurons in the human hippocampus","author":"West MJ","year":"1990","unstructured":"West MJ, Gundersen HJG. Unbiased stereological estimation of the number of neurons in the human hippocampus. J Comp Neurol. 1990;296(1):1\u201322. doi:10.1002\/cne.902960102"},{"issue":"3","key":"B26","series-title":"Vet Anim Sci","first-page":"380","article-title":"Influence of age on the pathology of hippocampus and variation in the number of neurons of the hilar region in the brain of dogs","author":"Dhanya T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dhanya T, Prasanna KS, Hamza P, et al. Influence of age on the pathology of hippocampus and variation in the number of neurons of the hilar region in the brain of dogs. Vet Anim Sci. 2022;53(3):380\u2013384. doi:10.51966\/jvas.2022.53.3.380-384"},{"issue":"1","key":"B27","series-title":"Neurobiol Aging","first-page":"39","article-title":"Region specific neuron loss in the aged canine hippocampus is reduced by enrichment","author":"Siwak-Tapp CT","year":"2008","unstructured":"Siwak-Tapp CT, Head E, Muggenburg BA, Milgram NW, Cotman CW. Region specific neuron loss in the aged canine hippocampus is reduced by enrichment. Neurobiol Aging. 2008;29(1):39\u201350. doi:10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2006.09.018"},{"issue":"1","key":"B28","series-title":"Neuroscience","first-page":"101","article-title":"Evolution of hippocampal epileptic activity during the development of hippocampal sclerosis in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy","author":"Riban V","year":"2002","unstructured":"Riban V, Bouilleret V, Pham-L\u00ea BT, Fritschy JM, Marescaux C, Depaulis A. Evolution of hippocampal epileptic activity during the development of hippocampal sclerosis in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroscience. 2002;112(1):101\u2013111. doi:10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00064-7"},{"issue":"5","key":"B29","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"485","article-title":"Clinical magnetic resonance volumetry of the hippocampus in 58 epileptic dogs","author":"Kuwabara T","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kuwabara T, Hasegawa D, Kobayashi M, Fujita M, Orima H. Clinical magnetic resonance volumetry of the hippocampus in 58 epileptic dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2010;51(5):485\u2013490. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2010.01700.x"},{"key":"B30","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Focal onset seizure","author":"Ighodaro ET","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ighodaro ET, Maini K, Arya K, Sharma S. Focal onset seizure. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024."},{"issue":"7","key":"B31","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"1315","article-title":"International consensus classification of hippocampal sclerosis in temporal lobe epilepsy: a task force report from the ILAE commission on diagnostic methods","author":"Bl\u00fcmcke I","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bl\u00fcmcke I, Thom M, Aronica E, et al. International consensus classification of hippocampal sclerosis in temporal lobe epilepsy: a task force report from the ILAE commission on diagnostic methods. Epilepsia. 2013;54(7):1315\u20131329. doi:10.1111\/epi.12220"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/5\/ajvr.25.07.0260.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/5\/ajvr.25.07.0260.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/5\/ajvr.25.07.0260.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T12:16:08Z","timestamp":1777637768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/5\/ajvr.25.07.0260.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.25.07.0260","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]}}}