{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T02:45:09Z","timestamp":1770173109737,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To identify the race- and horse-level factors affecting stride parameters during Thoroughbred races in Japan.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Global Navigation Satellite System sensors were attached to 921 horses (1,189 starts) participating in 83 races, with distances ranging from 1,000 to 1,800 m, held from April through July 2024. Stride frequency and stride length were calculated from speed spectrograms at 3 racing phases (phase 1, 200 m after gate open; phase 2, 10 m after reaching the final straight stretch; and phase 3, 130 m before the finishing line). Additionally, 10 variables (race distance, surface type and condition, sex, age, finishing position, racing class, racecourse, body mass, and speed) were analyzed using a multivariable linear mixed model.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Mean (\u00b1 SD) stride frequency, stride length, and speed were 2.36 \u00b1 0.12 Hz (ie, strides\/s), 7.30 \u00b1 0.39 m, and 17.2 \u00b1 1.15 m\/s across all phases, respectively. Faster speed, geldings, longer race distance, and greater body mass were associated with longer stride length. Stride length was 0.11 m shorter on dirt than turf during phases 2 and 3 (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .01) but not phase 1. The conditional\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n of the final model was 0.76, and the marginal\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n (ie, only fixed effects considered) was 0.55.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Moderate interhorse variability in stride parameters was found. In particular, racing phase and surface type affect stride parameters.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n Racing phase, surface type, race distance, sex, and body mass in addition to speed should be considered when using stride parameters to evaluate performance and predict injury.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.07.0273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T14:30:02Z","timestamp":1761661802000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Determinants of stride parameters in Thoroughbreds racing in Japan"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2139-6142","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuji","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Science Division, Equine Research Institute of Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0702-4289","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thilo","family":"Pfau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"},{"name":"McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fumitaka","family":"Tsuruoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Management Planning Division, Japan Racing Association, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshinobu","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Science Division, Equine Research Institute of Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3623-9764","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"W. Brent","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"},{"name":"McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1992-6634","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kazutaka","family":"Mukai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Science Division, Equine Research Institute of Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"B1","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"1063","article-title":"Variation in GPS and accelerometer recorded velocity and stride parameters of galloping thoroughbred horses","volume":"53","author":"Morrice-West AV","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morrice-West AV, Hitchens PL, Walmsley EA, Stevenson MA, Wong ASM, Whitton RC. 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