{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T14:10:05Z","timestamp":1767363005460,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":196,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Over the last few decades, the occurrence of chronic inflammatory and allergic disorders has increased exponentially in people and pets. Changes in our environment impact both human and animal health, as One Health recognizes. Several theories have been proposed, and various mechanisms have been considered. The first was the \u201chygiene hypothesis,\u201d which focused on the observation that allergies became more common once hygienic conditions improved. Although the concept that allergies happen because living conditions are too clean has been mostly disproven, parts of it are included in the \u201cold friends hypothesis,\u201d which emphasizes the importance of exposure to harmless bacteria through food and the environment that have evolved with us. A further refinement of this idea is incorporated in the \u201cbiodiversity hypothesis,\u201d which emphasizes the importance of diverse environmental, food, and microbial exposures in educating the immune system and promoting tolerance. The most recent hypothesis is the \u201cepithelial barrier hypothesis,\u201d which emphasizes the role of pollutants and chemicals that chronically disrupt epithelia, whether in the skin, gut, or respiratory tract, promoting low-grade inflammation and increasing the risk of allergic sensitization. Each of these theories has focused on the role of urbanization in promoting allergies, and each theory has some supporting evidence. Numerous epidemiological studies, addressed in the companion Currents in One Health by Marsella,\n                    <jats:italic>JAVMA<\/jats:italic>\n                    , forthcoming 2025, demonstrated that urban life increases the risk for allergies in people and dogs. The purpose of this review is to present the current knowledge in dogs and raise awareness regarding these topics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.07.0275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T17:42:08Z","timestamp":1759945328000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Theories and mechanisms of environmental factors that cause allergies in dogs: veterinarian involvement in lifestyle choices to support long-term well-being"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2329-0453","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rosanna","family":"Marsella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol","first-page":"21","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis: pathophysiology","volume":"1027","author":"David Boothe W","year":"2017","unstructured":"David Boothe W, Tarbox JA, Tarbox MB. Atopic dermatitis: pathophysiology. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;1027:21\u201337. doi:10.1007\/978-3-319-64804-0_3"},{"issue":"1","key":"B2","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"15","article-title":"Update on the role of genetic factors, environmental factors and allergens in canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"35","author":"Hensel P","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hensel P, Saridomichelakis M, Eisenschenk M, et al. Update on the role of genetic factors, environmental factors and allergens in canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol. 2024;35(1):15\u201324. doi:10.1111\/vde.13210"},{"issue":"4","key":"B3","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"327","article-title":"Role of the environment in the development of canine atopic dermatitis in Labrador and golden retrievers","volume":"22","author":"Meury S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Meury S, Molitor V, Doherr MG, et al. Role of the environment in the development of canine atopic dermatitis in Labrador and golden retrievers. Vet Dermatol. 2011;22(4):327\u2013334. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2010.00950.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"B4","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"396-e119","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for canine atopic dermatitis: a retrospective large-scale study in Labrador and golden retrievers","volume":"30","author":"Harvey ND","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harvey ND, Shaw SC, Craigon PJ, Blott SC, England GCW. Environmental risk factors for canine atopic dermatitis: a retrospective large-scale study in Labrador and golden retrievers. Vet Dermatol. 2019;30(5):396-e119. doi:10.1111\/vde.12782"},{"issue":"1","key":"B5","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"21954","article-title":"Simultaneous allergic traits in dogs and their owners are associated with living environment, lifestyle and microbial exposures","volume":"10","author":"Lehtim\u00e4ki J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lehtim\u00e4ki J, Sinkko H, Hielm-Bj\u00f6rkman A, Laatikainen T, Ruokolainen L, Lohi H. Simultaneous allergic traits in dogs and their owners are associated with living environment, lifestyle and microbial exposures. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):21954. doi:10.1038\/s41598-020-79055-x"},{"issue":"1","key":"B6","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"1585","article-title":"Urban environment predisposes dogs and their owners to allergic symptoms","volume":"8","author":"Hakanen E","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hakanen E, Lehtim\u00e4ki J, Salmela E, et al. Urban environment predisposes dogs and their owners to allergic symptoms. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):1585. doi:10.1038\/s41598-018-19953-3"},{"issue":"6710","key":"B7","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"1259","article-title":"Hay fever, hygiene, and household size","volume":"299","author":"Strachan DP","year":"1989","unstructured":"Strachan DP. Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. BMJ. 1989;299(6710):1259\u20131260. doi:10.1136\/bmj.299.6710.1259"},{"issue":"6","key":"B8","series-title":"Immunobiology","first-page":"433","article-title":"Allergies, infections and the hygiene hypothesis\u2013the epidemiological evidence","volume":"212","author":"von Mutius E","year":"2007","unstructured":"von Mutius E. Allergies, infections and the hygiene hypothesis\u2013the epidemiological evidence. Immunobiology. 2007;212(6):433\u2013439. doi:10.1016\/j.imbio.2007.03.002"},{"key":"B9","series-title":"Immunotargets Ther","first-page":"143","article-title":"The hygiene hypothesis: current perspectives and future therapies","volume":"4","author":"Stiemsma LT","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stiemsma LT, Reynolds LA, Turvey SE, Finlay BB. The hygiene hypothesis: current perspectives and future therapies. Immunotargets Ther. 2015;4:143\u2013157. doi:10.2147\/ITT.S61528"},{"key":"B10","series-title":"Front Immunol","first-page":"635935","article-title":"The hygiene hypothesis - learning from but not living in the past","volume":"12","author":"Pfefferle PI","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pfefferle PI, Keber CU, Cohen RM, Garn H. The hygiene hypothesis - learning from but not living in the past. Front Immunol. 2021;12:635935. doi:10.3389\/fimmu.2021.635935"},{"issue":"7","key":"B11","series-title":"Autoimmun Rev","first-page":"102845","article-title":"Hygiene hypothesis and autoimmune diseases: a narrative review of clinical evidences and mechanisms","volume":"20","author":"Murdaca G","year":"2021","unstructured":"Murdaca G, Greco M, Borro M, Gangemi S. Hygiene hypothesis and autoimmune diseases: a narrative review of clinical evidences and mechanisms. Autoimmun Rev. 2021;20(7):102845. doi:10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102845"},{"issue":"3","key":"B12","series-title":"Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"232","article-title":"The hygiene theory: fact or fiction?","volume":"12","author":"Sheikh A","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sheikh A, Strachan DP. The hygiene theory: fact or fiction? Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;12(3):232\u2013236. doi:10.1097\/01.moo.0000122311.13359.30"},{"issue":"11","key":"B13","series-title":"Nat Rev Immunol","first-page":"735","article-title":"Early-life interactions between the microbiota and immune system: impact on immune system development and atopic disease","volume":"23","author":"Donald K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Donald K, Finlay BB. Early-life interactions between the microbiota and immune system: impact on immune system development and atopic disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2023;23(11):735\u2013748. doi:10.1038\/s41577-023-00874-w"},{"issue":"1","key":"B14","series-title":"Int J Occup Med Environ Health","first-page":"69","article-title":"Evaluation of selected aspects of the hygiene hypothesis and their effect on the incidence of allergy","volume":"36","author":"Krzych-Fa\u0142ta E","year":"2023","unstructured":"Krzych-Fa\u0142ta E, Wojas O, Furma\u0144czyk K, Dziewa-Dawidczyk D, Piekarska B, Samoli\u0144ski B, Sybilski A. Evaluation of selected aspects of the hygiene hypothesis and their effect on the incidence of allergy. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2023;36(1):69\u201383. doi:10.13075\/ijomeh.1896.01880"},{"issue":"4","key":"B15","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"746","article-title":"Human helminths and allergic disease: the hygiene hypothesis and beyond","volume":"95","author":"Santiago HC","year":"2016","unstructured":"Santiago HC, Nutman TB. Human helminths and allergic disease: the hygiene hypothesis and beyond. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;95(4):746\u2013753. doi:10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0348"},{"key":"B16","series-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr","first-page":"98","article-title":"The hygiene hypothesis revisited: does exposure to infectious agents protect us from allergy?","volume":"24","author":"Fishbein AB","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fishbein AB, Fuleihan RL. The hygiene hypothesis revisited: does exposure to infectious agents protect us from allergy? Curr Opin Pediatr. 2012;24:98\u2013102. doi:10.1097\/MOP.0b013e32834ee57c"},{"key":"B17","series-title":"F1000Res","article-title":"Helminth parasites and immune regulation","volume":"7","author":"Gazzinelli-Guimaraes PH","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gazzinelli-Guimaraes PH, Nutman TB. Helminth parasites and immune regulation. F1000Res. 2018;7:F1000 Faculty Rev-1685. doi:10.12688\/f1000research.15596.1"},{"issue":"10","key":"B18","series-title":"PLoS Comput Biol","first-page":"e1004546","article-title":"Comparisons of allergenic and metazoan parasite proteins: allergy the price of immunity","volume":"11","author":"Nidhi TN","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nidhi TN, Farnell EJ, Fitzsimmons CM, et al. Comparisons of allergenic and metazoan parasite proteins: allergy the price of immunity. PLoS Comput Biol. 2015;11(10):e1004546. doi:10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004546"},{"issue":"7","key":"B19","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"4106","article-title":"Saturation of immunoglobulin E (IgE) binding sites by polyclonal IgE does not explain the protective effect of helminth infections against atopy","volume":"73","author":"Mitre E","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mitre E, Norwood S, Nutman TB. Saturation of immunoglobulin E (IgE) binding sites by polyclonal IgE does not explain the protective effect of helminth infections against atopy. Infect Immun. 2005;73(7):4106\u20134111. doi:10.1128\/IAI.73.7.4106-4111.2005"},{"issue":"9","key":"B20","series-title":"Parasite Immunol","first-page":"e12453","article-title":"Ascaris suum infection modulates inflammation: implication of CD4(+) CD25(high) Foxp3(+) t cells and IL-10","volume":"39","author":"Titz TO","year":"2017","unstructured":"Titz TO, de Ara\u00fajo CAA, Enobe CS, Rigato PO, Oshiro TM, de Macedo-Soares MF. Ascaris suum infection modulates inflammation: implication of CD4(+) CD25(high) Foxp3(+) t cells and IL-10. Parasite Immunol. 2017;39(9):e12453. doi:10.1111\/pim.12453"},{"key":"B21","series-title":"BMC Res Note","first-page":"817","article-title":"Effects of helminth co-infections on atopy, asthma and cytokine production in children living in a poor urban area in Latin America","volume":"7","author":"Alc\u00e2ntara-Neves NM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alc\u00e2ntara-Neves NM, de S G Britto G, Veiga RV, et al. Effects of helminth co-infections on atopy, asthma and cytokine production in children living in a poor urban area in Latin America. BMC Res Note 2014;7:817. doi:10.1186\/1756-0500-7-817"},{"issue":"3","key":"B22","series-title":"Immunology","first-page":"248","article-title":"Regulatory T-cells in helminth infection: induction, function and therapeutic potential","volume":"160","author":"White MPJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"White MPJ, McManus CM, Maizels RM. Regulatory T-cells in helminth infection: induction, function and therapeutic potential. Immunology. 2020;160(3):248\u2013260. doi:10.1111\/imm.13190"},{"issue":"7","key":"B23","series-title":"Eur J Immunol","first-page":"1870","article-title":"Role of T cell TGF-\u03b2 signaling in intestinal cytokine responses and helminthic immune modulation","volume":"39","author":"Ince MN","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ince MN, Elliott DE, Setiawan T, et al. Role of T cell TGF-\u03b2 signaling in intestinal cytokine responses and helminthic immune modulation. Eur J Immunol. 2009;39(7):1870\u20131878. doi:10.1002\/eji.200838956"},{"issue":"3","key":"B24","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"222-e80","article-title":"Total and Toxocara canis larval excretory\/secretory antigen- and allergen-specific IgE in atopic and non-atopic dogs","volume":"29","author":"Zwickl LLMN","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zwickl LLMN, Joekel DE, Fischer NM, et al. Total and Toxocara canis larval excretory\/secretory antigen- and allergen-specific IgE in atopic and non-atopic dogs. Vet Dermatol. 2018;29(3):222-e80. doi:10.1111\/vde.12527"},{"key":"B25","series-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol","first-page":"11","article-title":"A Toxocara canis infection influences the immune response to house dust mite allergens in dogs","volume":"202","author":"Fischer N","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fischer N, Rostaher A, Zwickl L, Deplazes P, Olivry T, Favrot C. A Toxocara canis infection influences the immune response to house dust mite allergens in dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2018;202:11\u201317. doi:10.1016\/j.vetimm.2018.06.009"},{"issue":"5","key":"B26","series-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol","first-page":"399","article-title":"Immunologic responses to common antigens in helminthic infections and allergic disease","volume":"5","author":"Arruda LK","year":"2005","unstructured":"Arruda LK, Santos AB. Immunologic responses to common antigens in helminthic infections and allergic disease. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;5(5):399\u2013402. doi:10.1097\/01.all.0000182536.55650.d0"},{"issue":"3","key":"B27","series-title":"PLoS Pathog","first-page":"e1009337","article-title":"House dust mite sensitization drives cross-reactive immune responses to homologous helminth proteins","volume":"17","author":"Gazzinelli-Guimaraes PH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gazzinelli-Guimaraes PH, Bennuru S, de Queiroz Prado R, et al. House dust mite sensitization drives cross-reactive immune responses to homologous helminth proteins. PLoS Pathog. 2021;17(3):e1009337. doi:10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009337"},{"issue":"2\u20134","key":"B28","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"203","article-title":"The effect of nematode administration on canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"181","author":"Mueller RS","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mueller RS, Specht L, Helmer M, et al. The effect of nematode administration on canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Parasitol. 2011;181(2\u20134):203\u2013209. doi:10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.001"},{"issue":"4","key":"B29","series-title":"Clin Exp Allergy","first-page":"505","article-title":"Parasitic worm therapy for allergy: is this incongruous or avant-garde medicine?","volume":"42","author":"Pritchard DI","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pritchard DI, Blount DG, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Till SJ. Parasitic worm therapy for allergy: is this incongruous or avant-garde medicine? Clin Exp Allergy. 2012;42(4):505\u2013512. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2011.03911.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"B30","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD009400","article-title":"Helminth therapy (worms) for induction of remission in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"2014","author":"Garg SK","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garg SK, Croft AM, Bager P. Helminth therapy (worms) for induction of remission in inflammatory bowel disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2014(1):CD009400. doi:10.1002\/14651858.CD009400.pub2"},{"key":"B31","series-title":"Exp Parasitol","first-page":"108189","article-title":"Potential of human helminth therapy for resolution of inflammatory bowel disease: the future ahead","volume":"232","author":"Arai T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arai T, Lopes F. Potential of human helminth therapy for resolution of inflammatory bowel disease: the future ahead. Exp Parasitol. 2022;232:108189. doi:10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108189"},{"key":"B32","series-title":"Front Immunol","first-page":"453","article-title":"Helminth immunomodulation in autoimmune disease","volume":"8","author":"Smallwood TB","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smallwood TB, Giacomin PR, Loukas A, Mulvenna JP, Clark RJ, Miles JJ. Helminth immunomodulation in autoimmune disease. Front Immunol. 2017;8:453. doi:10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00453"},{"issue":"1","key":"B33","series-title":"Cell","first-page":"121","article-title":"Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation","volume":"157","author":"Belkaid Y","year":"2014","unstructured":"Belkaid Y, Hand TW. Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation. Cell. 2014;157(1):121\u2013141. doi:10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.011"},{"key":"B34","series-title":"Front Allergy","first-page":"1220481","article-title":"The old friends hypothesis: evolution, immunoregulation and essential microbial inputs","volume":"4","author":"Rook GAW","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rook GAW. The old friends hypothesis: evolution, immunoregulation and essential microbial inputs. Front Allergy. 2023;4:1220481. doi:10.3389\/falgy.2023.1220481"},{"issue":"3","key":"B35","series-title":"J Asthma","first-page":"320","article-title":"The immunomodulatory effect of probiotics beyond atopy: an update","volume":"51","author":"Vitaliti G","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vitaliti G, Pavone P, Guglielmo F, Spataro G, Falsaperla R. The immunomodulatory effect of probiotics beyond atopy: an update. J Asthma. 2014;51(3):320\u2013332. doi:10.3109\/02770903.2013.862259"},{"issue":"3","key":"B36","series-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med","first-page":"186","article-title":"Lactobacillus reuteri-induced regulatory T cells protect against an allergic airway response in mice","volume":"179","author":"Karimi K","year":"2009","unstructured":"Karimi K, Inman MD, Bienenstock J, Forsythe P. Lactobacillus reuteri-induced regulatory T cells protect against an allergic airway response in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;179(3):186\u2013193. doi:10.1164\/rccm.200806-951OC"},{"issue":"4","key":"B37","series-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev","first-page":"405","article-title":"Antagonistic activities of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria against microbial pathogens","volume":"28","author":"Servin AL","year":"2004","unstructured":"Servin AL. Antagonistic activities of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria against microbial pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2004;28(4):405\u2013440. doi:10.1016\/j.femsre.2004.01.003"},{"issue":"6","key":"B38","series-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm","first-page":"449","article-title":"Probiotics","volume":"67","author":"Williams NT","year":"2010","unstructured":"Williams NT. Probiotics. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2010;67(6):449\u2013458. doi:10.2146\/ajhp090168"},{"issue":"17","key":"B39","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"2056","article-title":"Strain-dependent effects of probiotic lactobacilli on EAE autoimmunity","volume":"26","author":"Maassen CBM","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maassen CBM, Claassen E. Strain-dependent effects of probiotic lactobacilli on EAE autoimmunity. Vaccine. 2008;26(17):2056\u20132057. doi:10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.02.035"},{"key":"B40","series-title":"Anaerobe","first-page":"102103","article-title":"The effect of lactobacillus cell size on its probiotic characteristics","volume":"62","author":"Rajab S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rajab S, Tabandeh F, Shahraky MK, Alahyaribeik S. The effect of lactobacillus cell size on its probiotic characteristics. Anaerobe. 2020;62:102103. doi:10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2019.102103"},{"issue":"3","key":"B41","series-title":"Int J Food Microbiol","first-page":"87","article-title":"Lactobacilli as multifaceted probiotics with poorly disclosed molecular mechanisms","volume":"143","author":"Turpin W","year":"2010","unstructured":"Turpin W, Humblot C, Thomas M, Guyot JP. Lactobacilli as multifaceted probiotics with poorly disclosed molecular mechanisms. Int J Food Microbiol. 2010;143(3):87\u2013102. doi:10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.07.032"},{"issue":"7","key":"B42","series-title":"Clin Exp Allergy","first-page":"1071","article-title":"A protective effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 against eczema in the first 2 years of life persists to age 4 years","volume":"42","author":"Wickens K","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wickens K, Black P, Stanley TV, et al. A protective effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 against eczema in the first 2 years of life persists to age 4 years. Clin Exp Allergy. 2012;42(7):1071\u20131079. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2012.03975.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"B43","series-title":"Benef Microbes","first-page":"225","article-title":"Bugs for atopy: the Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG strategy for food allergy prevention and treatment in children","volume":"6","author":"Cosenza L","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cosenza L, Nocerino R, Di Scala C, et al. Bugs for atopy: the Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG strategy for food allergy prevention and treatment in children. Benef Microbes. 2015;6(2):225\u2013232. doi:10.3920\/BM2014.0158"},{"issue":"2","key":"B44","series-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol","first-page":"93","article-title":"Probiotics for the treatment or prevention of atopic dermatitis: a review of the evidence from randomized controlled trials","volume":"9","author":"Betsi GI","year":"2008","unstructured":"Betsi GI, Papadavid E, Falagas ME. Probiotics for the treatment or prevention of atopic dermatitis: a review of the evidence from randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2008;9(2):93\u2013103. doi:10.2165\/00128071-200809020-00002"},{"key":"B45","series-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol","first-page":"1137275","article-title":"Lactobacillus for the treatment and prevention of atopic dermatitis: clinical and experimental evidence","volume":"13","author":"Xie A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xie A, Chen A, Chen Y, et al. Lactobacillus for the treatment and prevention of atopic dermatitis: clinical and experimental evidence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023;13:1137275. doi:10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1137275"},{"issue":"6","key":"B46","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"735","article-title":"Evaluation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG for the prevention of atopic dermatitis in dogs","volume":"70","author":"Marsella R","year":"2009","unstructured":"Marsella R. Evaluation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG for the prevention of atopic dermatitis in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2009;70(6):735\u2013740. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.70.6.735"},{"issue":"2","key":"B47","series-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol","first-page":"185","article-title":"Early exposure to probiotics in a canine model of atopic dermatitis has long-term clinical and immunological effects","volume":"146","author":"Marsella R","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marsella R, Santoro D, Ahrens K. Early exposure to probiotics in a canine model of atopic dermatitis has long-term clinical and immunological effects. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2012;146(2):185\u2013189. doi:10.1016\/j.vetimm.2012.02.013"},{"issue":"5","key":"B48","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"350","article-title":"Complementary effect of oral administration of Lactobacillus paracasei K71 on canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"26","author":"Ohshima-Terada Y","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ohshima-Terada Y, Higuchi Y, Kumagai T, Hagihara A, Nagata M. Complementary effect of oral administration of Lactobacillus paracasei K71 on canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol. 2015;26(5):350\u2013353. doi:10.1111\/vde.12224"},{"issue":"8","key":"B49","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"499","article-title":"Pilot evaluation of Enterococcus faecium SF68 as adjunctive therapy for oclacitinib-responsive adult atopic dermatitis in dogs","volume":"60","author":"Yamazaki C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yamazaki C, Rosenkrantz W, Griffin C. Pilot evaluation of Enterococcus faecium SF68 as adjunctive therapy for oclacitinib-responsive adult atopic dermatitis in dogs. J Small Anim Pract. 2019;60(8):499\u2013506. doi:10.1111\/jsap.13042"},{"key":"B50","series-title":"J Vet Med Sci","article-title":"Probiotics as an adjunct in the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of in vivo studies in dogs","author":"Pacheco RCF","year":"Forthcoming","unstructured":"Pacheco RCF, Lins LF, Paes de Brito L, et al. Probiotics as an adjunct in the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of in vivo studies in dogs. J Vet Med Sci. Forthcoming. doi:10.1292\/jvms.24-0471"},{"issue":"11","key":"B51","series-title":"J Microbiol Biotechnol","first-page":"1966","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo controlled-trial of a probiotic strain Lactobacillus sakei probio-65 for the prevention of canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"25","author":"Kim H","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim H, Rather IA, Kim H, et al. A double-blind, placebo controlled-trial of a probiotic strain Lactobacillus sakei probio-65 for the prevention of canine atopic dermatitis. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2015;25(11):1966\u20131969. doi:10.4014\/jmb.1506.06065"},{"issue":"1","key":"B52","series-title":"Pol J Vet Sci","first-page":"131","article-title":"Clinical effects of combined Lactobacillus paracasei and kestose on canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"26","author":"Kawano K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kawano K, Iyori K, Kondo N, et al. Clinical effects of combined Lactobacillus paracasei and kestose on canine atopic dermatitis. Pol J Vet Sci. 2023;26(1):131\u2013136. doi:10.24425\/pjvs.2023.145014"},{"issue":"1","key":"B53","series-title":"J Vet Clin","first-page":"8","article-title":"Application of a synbio-glucan functional spray for canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"40","author":"Kim Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim Y, Jeong Y, An J, Ahn J, Chung J. Application of a synbio-glucan functional spray for canine atopic dermatitis. J Vet Clin. 2023;40(1):8\u201315. doi:10.17555\/jvc.2023.40.1.8"},{"issue":"2","key":"B54","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"114-e23","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of spray-based heat-treated lactobacilli in canine atopic dermatitis: a preliminary, open-label, uncontrolled study","volume":"32","author":"Santoro D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Santoro D, Fagman L, Zhang Y, Fahong Y. Clinical efficacy of spray-based heat-treated lactobacilli in canine atopic dermatitis: a preliminary, open-label, uncontrolled study. Vet Dermatol. 2021;32(2):114-e23. doi:10.1111\/vde.12915"},{"issue":"18","key":"B55","series-title":"Animals (Basel)","first-page":"2377","article-title":"Comparison of the gut microbiome between atopic and healthy dogs-preliminary data","volume":"12","author":"Rostaher A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rostaher A, Morsy Y, Favrot C, et al. Comparison of the gut microbiome between atopic and healthy dogs-preliminary data. Animals (Basel). 2022;12(18):2377. doi:10.3390\/ani12182377"},{"issue":"1","key":"B56","series-title":"Microbiome","first-page":"232","article-title":"A comprehensive analysis of gut and skin microbiota in canine atopic dermatitis in Shiba Inu dogs","volume":"11","author":"Thomsen M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thomsen M, K\u00fcnstner A, Wohlers I, et al. A comprehensive analysis of gut and skin microbiota in canine atopic dermatitis in Shiba Inu dogs. Microbiome. 2023;11(1):232. doi:10.1186\/s40168-023-01671-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"B57","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"8824","article-title":"Pilot evaluation of a single oral fecal microbiota transplantation for canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"13","author":"Sugita K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sugita K, Shima A, Takahashi K, Ishihara G, Kawano K, Ohmori K. Pilot evaluation of a single oral fecal microbiota transplantation for canine atopic dermatitis. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):8824. doi:10.1038\/s41598-023-35565-y"},{"issue":"3","key":"B58","series-title":"Vet Med Sci","first-page":"e1453","article-title":"Investigation of the relationship between atopic dermatitis of dogs and intestinal epithelial damage","volume":"10","author":"Ekici YE","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ekici YE, Ok M. Investigation of the relationship between atopic dermatitis of dogs and intestinal epithelial damage. Vet Med Sci. 2024;10(3):e1453. doi:10.1002\/vms3.1453"},{"issue":"1","key":"B59","series-title":"Gut Microbes","first-page":"2096995","article-title":"Impact of gut microbiome on skin health: gut-skin axis observed through the lenses of therapeutics and skin diseases","volume":"14","author":"Mahmud MR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mahmud MR, Akter S, Tamanna SK, et al. Impact of gut microbiome on skin health: gut-skin axis observed through the lenses of therapeutics and skin diseases. Gut Microbes. 2022;14(1):2096995. doi:10.1080\/19490976.2022.2096995"},{"issue":"8","key":"B60","series-title":"Int J Mol Sci","first-page":"4228","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the microbiome across the gut-skin axis in atopic dermatitis","volume":"22","author":"Park DH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Park DH, Kim JW, Park HJ, Hahm DH. Comparative analysis of the microbiome across the gut-skin axis in atopic dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(8):4228. doi:10.3390\/ijms22084228"},{"issue":"1","key":"B61","series-title":"BMC Microbiol","first-page":"228","article-title":"Probiotics ameliorate atopic dermatitis by modulating the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in dogs","volume":"25","author":"Song H","year":"2025","unstructured":"Song H, Mun SH, Han DW, et al. Probiotics ameliorate atopic dermatitis by modulating the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in dogs. BMC Microbiol. 2025;25(1):228. doi:10.1186\/s12866-025-03924-6"},{"issue":"12","key":"B62","series-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek","first-page":"2019","article-title":"Human gut microbiota\/microbiome in health and diseases: a review","volume":"113","author":"Gomaa EZ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gomaa EZ. Human gut microbiota\/microbiome in health and diseases: a review. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2020;113(12):2019\u20132040. doi:10.1007\/s10482-020-01474-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"B63","series-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther","first-page":"135","article-title":"Microbiota in health and diseases","volume":"7","author":"Hou K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hou K, Wu ZX, Chen XY, et al. Microbiota in health and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022;7(1):135. doi:10.1038\/s41392-022-00974-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"B64","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"10","article-title":"The microbiome: the trillions of microorganisms that maintain health and cause disease in humans and companion animals","volume":"53","author":"Rodrigues Hoffmann A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rodrigues Hoffmann A, Proctor LM, Surette MG, Suchodolski JS. The microbiome: the trillions of microorganisms that maintain health and cause disease in humans and companion animals. Vet Pathol. 2016;53(1):10\u201321. doi:10.1177\/0300985815595517"},{"key":"B65","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"498","article-title":"The role of the canine gut microbiome and metabolome in health and gastrointestinal disease","volume":"6","author":"Pilla R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pilla R, Suchodolski JS. The role of the canine gut microbiome and metabolome in health and gastrointestinal disease. Front Vet Sci. 2020;6:498. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2019.00498"},{"issue":"1","key":"B66","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"137","article-title":"The canine and feline skin microbiome in health and disease","volume":"24","author":"Weese JS","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weese JS. The canine and feline skin microbiome in health and disease. Vet Dermatol. 2013;24(1):137\u2013145. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2012.01076.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"B67","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"60-e15","article-title":"The cutaneous ecosystem: the roles of the skin microbiome in health and its association with inflammatory skin conditions in humans and animals","volume":"28","author":"Rodrigues Hoffmann A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rodrigues Hoffmann A. The cutaneous ecosystem: the roles of the skin microbiome in health and its association with inflammatory skin conditions in humans and animals. Vet Dermatol. 2017;28(1):60-e15. doi:10.1111\/vde.12408"},{"issue":"8","key":"B68","series-title":"Allergy","first-page":"1445","article-title":"A biodiversity hypothesis","volume":"74","author":"Haahtela T","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haahtela T. A biodiversity hypothesis. Allergy. 2019;74(8):1445\u20131456. doi:10.1111\/all.13763"},{"issue":"3","key":"B69","series-title":"Ann Med","first-page":"218","article-title":"Helsinki alert of biodiversity and health","volume":"47","author":"von Hertzen L","year":"2015","unstructured":"von Hertzen L, Beutler B, Bienenstock J, et al. Helsinki alert of biodiversity and health. Ann Med. 2015;47(3):218\u2013225. doi:10.3109\/07853890.2015.1010226"},{"key":"B70","series-title":"Ecotox Environ Saf","first-page":"113900","article-title":"A placebo-controlled double-blinded test of the biodiversity hypothesis of immune-mediated diseases: environmental microbial diversity elicits changes in cytokines and increase in T regulatory cells in young children","volume":"242","author":"Roslund MI","year":"2022","unstructured":"Roslund MI, Parajuli A, Hui N, et al. A placebo-controlled double-blinded test of the biodiversity hypothesis of immune-mediated diseases: environmental microbial diversity elicits changes in cytokines and increase in T regulatory cells in young children. Ecotox Environ Saf. 2022;242:113900. doi:10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113900"},{"issue":"1","key":"B71","series-title":"Microbiome","first-page":"139","article-title":"Individual signatures and environmental factors shape skin microbiota in healthy dogs","volume":"5","author":"Cusc\u00f3 A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cusc\u00f3 A, Belanger JM, Gershony L, et al. Individual signatures and environmental factors shape skin microbiota in healthy dogs. Microbiome. 2017;5(1):139. doi:10.1186\/s40168-017-0355-6"},{"issue":"5","key":"B72","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"332-e82","article-title":"The skin microbiome in allergen-induced canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"27","author":"Pierezan F","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pierezan F, Olivry T, Paps JS, et al. The skin microbiome in allergen-induced canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol. 2016;27(5):332-e82. doi:10.1111\/vde.12366"},{"issue":"6","key":"B73","series-title":"J Invest Dermatol","first-page":"1182","article-title":"Longitudinal evaluation of the skin microbiome and association with microenvironment and treatment in canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"136","author":"Bradley CW","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bradley CW, Morris DO, Rankin SC, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of the skin microbiome and association with microenvironment and treatment in canine atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2016;136(6):1182\u20131190. doi:10.1016\/j.jid.2016.01.023"},{"issue":"4","key":"B74","series-title":"R Soc Open Sci","first-page":"221104","article-title":"Distinct healthy and atopic canine gut microbiota is influenced by diet and antibiotics","volume":"10","author":"Sinkko H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sinkko H, Lehtim\u00e4ki J, Lohi H, Ruokolainen L, Hielm-Bj\u00f6rkman A. Distinct healthy and atopic canine gut microbiota is influenced by diet and antibiotics. R Soc Open Sci. 2023;10(4):221104. doi:10.1098\/rsos.221104"},{"key":"B75","series-title":"J Autoimmunity","first-page":"103114","article-title":"The gut ecosystem and immune tolerance","volume":"141","author":"Tihong ST","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tihong ST, Hsu R, Rafizadeh DL, et al. The gut ecosystem and immune tolerance. J Autoimmunity. 2023;141:103114. doi:10.1016\/j.jaut.2023.103114"},{"key":"B76","series-title":"Curr Opin Immunol","first-page":"102486","article-title":"Eating for immunity: how diet shapes our defenses","volume":"91","author":"Freya Q Zhang FQ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Freya Q Zhang FQ, Chen J, Fan H. Eating for immunity: how diet shapes our defenses. Curr Opin Immunol. 2024;91:102486. doi:10.1016\/j.coi.2024.102486"},{"key":"B77","series-title":"Front Pediatr","first-page":"545","article-title":"The role of diet diversity and diet indices on allergy outcomes","volume":"8","author":"D\u2019Auria E","year":"2020","unstructured":"D\u2019Auria E, Peroni DG, Sartorio MUA, Verduci E, Zuccotti GV, Venter C. The role of diet diversity and diet indices on allergy outcomes. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:545. doi:10.3389\/fped.2020.00545"},{"issue":"5","key":"B78","series-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res","first-page":"545","article-title":"Immunonutrition: diet diversity, gut microbiome and prevention of allergic diseases","volume":"15","author":"Venter C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Venter C. Immunonutrition: diet diversity, gut microbiome and prevention of allergic diseases. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2023;15(5):545\u2013561. doi:10.4168\/aair.2023.15.5.545"},{"issue":"2","key":"B79","series-title":"Clin Dermatol","first-page":"135","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis and nutrition","volume":"40","author":"Khan A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khan A, Adalsteinsson J, Whitaker-Worth DL. Atopic dermatitis and nutrition. Clin Dermatol. 2022;40(2):135\u2013144. doi:10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2021.10.006"},{"issue":"29","key":"B80","series-title":"World J Gastroenterol","first-page":"8787","article-title":"Role of the normal gut microbiota","volume":"21","author":"Jandhyala SM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jandhyala SM, Talukdar R, Subramanyam C, Vuyyuru H, Sasikala M, Reddy DN. Role of the normal gut microbiota. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(29):8787\u20138803. doi:10.3748\/wjg.v21.i29.8787"},{"key":"B81","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"7","article-title":"Effect of kibble and raw meat diets on peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene expression profile in dogs","volume":"234","author":"Anderson RC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anderson RC, Armstrong KM, Young W, Maclean P, Thomas DG, Bermingham EN. Effect of kibble and raw meat diets on peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene expression profile in dogs. Vet J. 2018;234:7\u201310. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.01.005"},{"issue":"5","key":"B82","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0225675","article-title":"Identification of modifiable pre- and postnatal dietary and environmental exposures associated with owner-reported canine atopic dermatitis in Finland using a web-based questionnaire","volume":"15","author":"Hemida M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hemida M, Vuori KA, Salin S, Moore R, Anturaniemi J, Hielm-Bj\u00f6rkman A. Identification of modifiable pre- and postnatal dietary and environmental exposures associated with owner-reported canine atopic dermatitis in Finland using a web-based questionnaire. PLoS One. 2020;15(5):e0225675. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0225675"},{"issue":"5","key":"B83","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"2374","article-title":"Puppyhood diet as a factor in the development of owner-reported allergy\/atopy skin signs in adult dogs in Finland","volume":"35","author":"Hemida MBM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hemida MBM, Salin S, Vuori KA, et al. Puppyhood diet as a factor in the development of owner-reported allergy\/atopy skin signs in adult dogs in Finland. J Vet Intern Med. 2021;35(5):2374\u20132383. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16211"},{"key":"B84","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"552251","article-title":"The effect of atopic dermatitis and diet on the skin transcriptome in Staffordshire bull terriers","volume":"7","author":"Anturaniemi J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anturaniemi J, Zald\u00edvar-L\u00f3pez S, Savelkoul HFJ, Elo K, Hielm-Bj\u00f6rkman A. The effect of atopic dermatitis and diet on the skin transcriptome in Staffordshire bull terriers. Front Vet Sci. 2020;7:552251. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2020.552251"},{"issue":"5","key":"B85","series-title":"Allergy","first-page":"1418","article-title":"Epithelial barrier hypothesis: effect of the external exposome on the microbiome and epithelial barriers in allergic disease","volume":"77","author":"Celebi Sozener Z","year":"2022","unstructured":"Celebi Sozener Z, Ozdel Ozturk B, Cerci P, et al. Epithelial barrier hypothesis: effect of the external exposome on the microbiome and epithelial barriers in allergic disease. Allergy. 2022;77(5):1418\u20131449. doi:10.1111\/all.15240"},{"key":"B86","series-title":"Front Allergy","first-page":"887672","article-title":"The external exposome and allergies: from the perspective of the epithelial barrier hypothesis","volume":"3","author":"Celebi Sozener Z","year":"2022","unstructured":"Celebi Sozener Z, \u00d6zbey Y\u00fccel \u00dc, Altiner S, et al. The external exposome and allergies: from the perspective of the epithelial barrier hypothesis. Front Allergy. 2022;3:887672. doi:10.3389\/falgy.2022.887672"},{"issue":"6","key":"B87","series-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol","first-page":"1517","article-title":"Environmental factors in epithelial barrier dysfunction","volume":"145","author":"Celebi S\u00f6zener Z","year":"2020","unstructured":"Celebi S\u00f6zener Z, Cevhertas L, Nadeau K, Akdis M, Akdis CA. Environmental factors in epithelial barrier dysfunction. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;145(6):1517\u20131528. doi:10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.04.024"},{"issue":"6","key":"B88","series-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res","first-page":"705","article-title":"Epithelial barrier theory: the role of exposome, microbiome, and barrier function in allergic diseases","volume":"15","author":"Losol P","year":"2023","unstructured":"Losol P, Sokolowska M, Hwang YK, et al. Epithelial barrier theory: the role of exposome, microbiome, and barrier function in allergic diseases. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2023;15(6):705\u2013724. doi:10.4168\/aair.2023.15.6.705"},{"issue":"3","key":"B89","series-title":"Allergy","first-page":"862","article-title":"Effect of indoor air pollution on atopic dermatitis in dogs","volume":"78","author":"Lee JH","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee JH, Kang BT, Kim HJ. Effect of indoor air pollution on atopic dermatitis in dogs. Allergy. 2023;78(3):862\u2013864. doi:10.1111\/all.15521"},{"key":"B90","series-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf","first-page":"115544","article-title":"Indoor particulate matter induces epigenetic changes in companion atopic dogs","volume":"266","author":"Kim J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim J, Kim Y, Song Y, Kim TJ, Lee SH, Kim HJ. Indoor particulate matter induces epigenetic changes in companion atopic dogs. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2023;266:115544. doi:10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115544"},{"key":"B91","series-title":"Ageing Res Rev","first-page":"102204","article-title":"Epigenetic reprogramming as a key to reverse ageing and increase longevity","volume":"95","author":"Pereira B","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pereira B, Correia FP, Alves IA, et al. Epigenetic reprogramming as a key to reverse ageing and increase longevity. Ageing Res Rev. 2024;95:102204. doi:10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102204"},{"key":"B92","series-title":"Food Chem Toxicol","first-page":"329","article-title":"Association between passive smoking and atopic dermatitis in dogs","volume":"66","author":"Ka D","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ka D, Marignac G, Desquilbet L, et al. Association between passive smoking and atopic dermatitis in dogs. Food Chem Toxicol. 2014;66:329\u2013333. doi:10.1016\/j.fct.2014.01.015"},{"issue":"12","key":"B93","series-title":"Allergy","first-page":"3238","article-title":"Epithelial barrier dysfunction and associated diseases in companion animals: differences and similarities between humans and animals and research needs","volume":"79","author":"Ardicli S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ardicli S, Ardicli O, Yazici D, et al. Epithelial barrier dysfunction and associated diseases in companion animals: differences and similarities between humans and animals and research needs. Allergy. 2024;79(12):3238\u20133268. doi:10.1111\/all.16343"},{"issue":"9","key":"B94","series-title":"Allergy","first-page":"2441","article-title":"Mechanisms of gut epithelial barrier impairment caused by food emulsifiers polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80","volume":"78","author":"Ogulur I","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ogulur I, Yazici D, Pat Y, et al. Mechanisms of gut epithelial barrier impairment caused by food emulsifiers polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80. Allergy. 2023;78(9):2441\u20132455. doi:10.1111\/all.15825"},{"issue":"6","key":"B95","series-title":"J Crohns Colitis","first-page":"1068","article-title":"Food additive emulsifiers and their impact on gut microbiome, permeability, and inflammation: mechanistic insights in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"15","author":"Bancil AS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bancil AS, Sandall AM, Rossi M, Chassaing B, Lindsay JO, Whelan K. Food additive emulsifiers and their impact on gut microbiome, permeability, and inflammation: mechanistic insights in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2021;15(6):1068\u20131079. doi:10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa254"},{"issue":"6","key":"B96","series-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol","first-page":"406","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods and food additives in gut health and disease","volume":"21","author":"Whelan K","year":"2024","unstructured":"Whelan K, Bancil AS, Lindsay JO, Chassaing B. Ultra-processed foods and food additives in gut health and disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;21(6):406\u2013427. doi:10.1038\/s41575-024-00893-5"},{"key":"B97","series-title":"Front Immunol","first-page":"1604","article-title":"Effectiveness of helminth therapy in the prevention of allograft rejection: a systematic review of allogeneic transplantation","volume":"11","author":"Kiss M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kiss M, Burns H, Donnelly S, Hawthorne WJ. Effectiveness of helminth therapy in the prevention of allograft rejection: a systematic review of allogeneic transplantation. Front Immunol. 2020:11:1604. doi:10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01604"},{"issue":"4","key":"B98","series-title":"Trends Mol Med","first-page":"345","article-title":"Mining helminths for novel therapeutics","volume":"27","author":"Lothstein KE","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lothstein KE, Gause WC. Mining helminths for novel therapeutics. Trends Mol Med. 2021;27(4):345\u2013364. doi:10.1016\/j.molmed.2020.12.010"},{"key":"B1","series-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol","first-page":"21","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis: pathophysiology","volume":"1027","author":"David Boothe W","year":"2017","unstructured":"David Boothe W, Tarbox JA, Tarbox MB. Atopic dermatitis: pathophysiology. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;1027:21\u201337. doi:10.1007\/978-3-319-64804-0_3"},{"issue":"1","key":"B2","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"15","article-title":"Update on the role of genetic factors, environmental factors and allergens in canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"35","author":"Hensel P","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hensel P, Saridomichelakis M, Eisenschenk M, et al. Update on the role of genetic factors, environmental factors and allergens in canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol. 2024;35(1):15\u201324. doi:10.1111\/vde.13210"},{"issue":"4","key":"B3","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"327","article-title":"Role of the environment in the development of canine atopic dermatitis in Labrador and golden retrievers","volume":"22","author":"Meury S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Meury S, Molitor V, Doherr MG, et al. Role of the environment in the development of canine atopic dermatitis in Labrador and golden retrievers. Vet Dermatol. 2011;22(4):327\u2013334. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2010.00950.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"B4","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"396-e119","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for canine atopic dermatitis: a retrospective large-scale study in Labrador and golden retrievers","volume":"30","author":"Harvey ND","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harvey ND, Shaw SC, Craigon PJ, Blott SC, England GCW. Environmental risk factors for canine atopic dermatitis: a retrospective large-scale study in Labrador and golden retrievers. Vet Dermatol. 2019;30(5):396-e119. doi:10.1111\/vde.12782"},{"issue":"1","key":"B5","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"21954","article-title":"Simultaneous allergic traits in dogs and their owners are associated with living environment, lifestyle and microbial exposures","volume":"10","author":"Lehtim\u00e4ki J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lehtim\u00e4ki J, Sinkko H, Hielm-Bj\u00f6rkman A, Laatikainen T, Ruokolainen L, Lohi H. Simultaneous allergic traits in dogs and their owners are associated with living environment, lifestyle and microbial exposures. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):21954. doi:10.1038\/s41598-020-79055-x"},{"issue":"1","key":"B6","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"1585","article-title":"Urban environment predisposes dogs and their owners to allergic symptoms","volume":"8","author":"Hakanen E","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hakanen E, Lehtim\u00e4ki J, Salmela E, et al. Urban environment predisposes dogs and their owners to allergic symptoms. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):1585. doi:10.1038\/s41598-018-19953-3"},{"issue":"6710","key":"B7","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"1259","article-title":"Hay fever, hygiene, and household size","volume":"299","author":"Strachan DP","year":"1989","unstructured":"Strachan DP. Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. BMJ. 1989;299(6710):1259\u20131260. doi:10.1136\/bmj.299.6710.1259"},{"issue":"6","key":"B8","series-title":"Immunobiology","first-page":"433","article-title":"Allergies, infections and the hygiene hypothesis\u2013the epidemiological evidence","volume":"212","author":"von Mutius E","year":"2007","unstructured":"von Mutius E. Allergies, infections and the hygiene hypothesis\u2013the epidemiological evidence. Immunobiology. 2007;212(6):433\u2013439. doi:10.1016\/j.imbio.2007.03.002"},{"key":"B9","series-title":"Immunotargets Ther","first-page":"143","article-title":"The hygiene hypothesis: current perspectives and future therapies","volume":"4","author":"Stiemsma LT","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stiemsma LT, Reynolds LA, Turvey SE, Finlay BB. The hygiene hypothesis: current perspectives and future therapies. Immunotargets Ther. 2015;4:143\u2013157. doi:10.2147\/ITT.S61528"},{"key":"B10","series-title":"Front Immunol","first-page":"635935","article-title":"The hygiene hypothesis - learning from but not living in the past","volume":"12","author":"Pfefferle PI","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pfefferle PI, Keber CU, Cohen RM, Garn H. The hygiene hypothesis - learning from but not living in the past. Front Immunol. 2021;12:635935. doi:10.3389\/fimmu.2021.635935"},{"issue":"7","key":"B11","series-title":"Autoimmun Rev","first-page":"102845","article-title":"Hygiene hypothesis and autoimmune diseases: a narrative review of clinical evidences and mechanisms","volume":"20","author":"Murdaca G","year":"2021","unstructured":"Murdaca G, Greco M, Borro M, Gangemi S. Hygiene hypothesis and autoimmune diseases: a narrative review of clinical evidences and mechanisms. Autoimmun Rev. 2021;20(7):102845. doi:10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102845"},{"issue":"3","key":"B12","series-title":"Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"232","article-title":"The hygiene theory: fact or fiction?","volume":"12","author":"Sheikh A","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sheikh A, Strachan DP. The hygiene theory: fact or fiction? Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;12(3):232\u2013236. doi:10.1097\/01.moo.0000122311.13359.30"},{"issue":"11","key":"B13","series-title":"Nat Rev Immunol","first-page":"735","article-title":"Early-life interactions between the microbiota and immune system: impact on immune system development and atopic disease","volume":"23","author":"Donald K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Donald K, Finlay BB. Early-life interactions between the microbiota and immune system: impact on immune system development and atopic disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2023;23(11):735\u2013748. doi:10.1038\/s41577-023-00874-w"},{"issue":"1","key":"B14","series-title":"Int J Occup Med Environ Health","first-page":"69","article-title":"Evaluation of selected aspects of the hygiene hypothesis and their effect on the incidence of allergy","volume":"36","author":"Krzych-Fa\u0142ta E","year":"2023","unstructured":"Krzych-Fa\u0142ta E, Wojas O, Furma\u0144czyk K, Dziewa-Dawidczyk D, Piekarska B, Samoli\u0144ski B, Sybilski A. Evaluation of selected aspects of the hygiene hypothesis and their effect on the incidence of allergy. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2023;36(1):69\u201383. doi:10.13075\/ijomeh.1896.01880"},{"issue":"4","key":"B15","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"746","article-title":"Human helminths and allergic disease: the hygiene hypothesis and beyond","volume":"95","author":"Santiago HC","year":"2016","unstructured":"Santiago HC, Nutman TB. Human helminths and allergic disease: the hygiene hypothesis and beyond. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;95(4):746\u2013753. doi:10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0348"},{"key":"B16","series-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr","first-page":"98","article-title":"The hygiene hypothesis revisited: does exposure to infectious agents protect us from allergy?","volume":"24","author":"Fishbein AB","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fishbein AB, Fuleihan RL. The hygiene hypothesis revisited: does exposure to infectious agents protect us from allergy? Curr Opin Pediatr. 2012;24:98\u2013102. doi:10.1097\/MOP.0b013e32834ee57c"},{"key":"B17","series-title":"F1000Res","article-title":"Helminth parasites and immune regulation","volume":"7","author":"Gazzinelli-Guimaraes PH","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gazzinelli-Guimaraes PH, Nutman TB. Helminth parasites and immune regulation. F1000Res. 2018;7:F1000 Faculty Rev-1685. doi:10.12688\/f1000research.15596.1"},{"issue":"10","key":"B18","series-title":"PLoS Comput Biol","first-page":"e1004546","article-title":"Comparisons of allergenic and metazoan parasite proteins: allergy the price of immunity","volume":"11","author":"Nidhi TN","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nidhi TN, Farnell EJ, Fitzsimmons CM, et al. Comparisons of allergenic and metazoan parasite proteins: allergy the price of immunity. PLoS Comput Biol. 2015;11(10):e1004546. doi:10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004546"},{"issue":"7","key":"B19","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"4106","article-title":"Saturation of immunoglobulin E (IgE) binding sites by polyclonal IgE does not explain the protective effect of helminth infections against atopy","volume":"73","author":"Mitre E","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mitre E, Norwood S, Nutman TB. Saturation of immunoglobulin E (IgE) binding sites by polyclonal IgE does not explain the protective effect of helminth infections against atopy. Infect Immun. 2005;73(7):4106\u20134111. doi:10.1128\/IAI.73.7.4106-4111.2005"},{"issue":"9","key":"B20","series-title":"Parasite Immunol","first-page":"e12453","article-title":"Ascaris suum infection modulates inflammation: implication of CD4(+) CD25(high) Foxp3(+) t cells and IL-10","volume":"39","author":"Titz TO","year":"2017","unstructured":"Titz TO, de Ara\u00fajo CAA, Enobe CS, Rigato PO, Oshiro TM, de Macedo-Soares MF. Ascaris suum infection modulates inflammation: implication of CD4(+) CD25(high) Foxp3(+) t cells and IL-10. Parasite Immunol. 2017;39(9):e12453. doi:10.1111\/pim.12453"},{"key":"B21","series-title":"BMC Res Note","first-page":"817","article-title":"Effects of helminth co-infections on atopy, asthma and cytokine production in children living in a poor urban area in Latin America","volume":"7","author":"Alc\u00e2ntara-Neves NM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alc\u00e2ntara-Neves NM, de S G Britto G, Veiga RV, et al. Effects of helminth co-infections on atopy, asthma and cytokine production in children living in a poor urban area in Latin America. BMC Res Note 2014;7:817. doi:10.1186\/1756-0500-7-817"},{"issue":"3","key":"B22","series-title":"Immunology","first-page":"248","article-title":"Regulatory T-cells in helminth infection: induction, function and therapeutic potential","volume":"160","author":"White MPJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"White MPJ, McManus CM, Maizels RM. Regulatory T-cells in helminth infection: induction, function and therapeutic potential. Immunology. 2020;160(3):248\u2013260. doi:10.1111\/imm.13190"},{"issue":"7","key":"B23","series-title":"Eur J Immunol","first-page":"1870","article-title":"Role of T cell TGF-\u03b2 signaling in intestinal cytokine responses and helminthic immune modulation","volume":"39","author":"Ince MN","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ince MN, Elliott DE, Setiawan T, et al. Role of T cell TGF-\u03b2 signaling in intestinal cytokine responses and helminthic immune modulation. Eur J Immunol. 2009;39(7):1870\u20131878. doi:10.1002\/eji.200838956"},{"issue":"3","key":"B24","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"222-e80","article-title":"Total and Toxocara canis larval excretory\/secretory antigen- and allergen-specific IgE in atopic and non-atopic dogs","volume":"29","author":"Zwickl LLMN","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zwickl LLMN, Joekel DE, Fischer NM, et al. Total and Toxocara canis larval excretory\/secretory antigen- and allergen-specific IgE in atopic and non-atopic dogs. Vet Dermatol. 2018;29(3):222-e80. doi:10.1111\/vde.12527"},{"key":"B25","series-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol","first-page":"11","article-title":"A Toxocara canis infection influences the immune response to house dust mite allergens in dogs","volume":"202","author":"Fischer N","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fischer N, Rostaher A, Zwickl L, Deplazes P, Olivry T, Favrot C. A Toxocara canis infection influences the immune response to house dust mite allergens in dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2018;202:11\u201317. doi:10.1016\/j.vetimm.2018.06.009"},{"issue":"5","key":"B26","series-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol","first-page":"399","article-title":"Immunologic responses to common antigens in helminthic infections and allergic disease","volume":"5","author":"Arruda LK","year":"2005","unstructured":"Arruda LK, Santos AB. Immunologic responses to common antigens in helminthic infections and allergic disease. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;5(5):399\u2013402. doi:10.1097\/01.all.0000182536.55650.d0"},{"issue":"3","key":"B27","series-title":"PLoS Pathog","first-page":"e1009337","article-title":"House dust mite sensitization drives cross-reactive immune responses to homologous helminth proteins","volume":"17","author":"Gazzinelli-Guimaraes PH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gazzinelli-Guimaraes PH, Bennuru S, de Queiroz Prado R, et al. House dust mite sensitization drives cross-reactive immune responses to homologous helminth proteins. PLoS Pathog. 2021;17(3):e1009337. doi:10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009337"},{"issue":"2\u20134","key":"B28","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"203","article-title":"The effect of nematode administration on canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"181","author":"Mueller RS","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mueller RS, Specht L, Helmer M, et al. The effect of nematode administration on canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Parasitol. 2011;181(2\u20134):203\u2013209. doi:10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.001"},{"issue":"4","key":"B29","series-title":"Clin Exp Allergy","first-page":"505","article-title":"Parasitic worm therapy for allergy: is this incongruous or avant-garde medicine?","volume":"42","author":"Pritchard DI","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pritchard DI, Blount DG, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Till SJ. Parasitic worm therapy for allergy: is this incongruous or avant-garde medicine? Clin Exp Allergy. 2012;42(4):505\u2013512. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2011.03911.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"B30","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD009400","article-title":"Helminth therapy (worms) for induction of remission in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"2014","author":"Garg SK","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garg SK, Croft AM, Bager P. Helminth therapy (worms) for induction of remission in inflammatory bowel disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2014(1):CD009400. doi:10.1002\/14651858.CD009400.pub2"},{"key":"B31","series-title":"Exp Parasitol","first-page":"108189","article-title":"Potential of human helminth therapy for resolution of inflammatory bowel disease: the future ahead","volume":"232","author":"Arai T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arai T, Lopes F. Potential of human helminth therapy for resolution of inflammatory bowel disease: the future ahead. Exp Parasitol. 2022;232:108189. doi:10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108189"},{"key":"B32","series-title":"Front Immunol","first-page":"453","article-title":"Helminth immunomodulation in autoimmune disease","volume":"8","author":"Smallwood TB","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smallwood TB, Giacomin PR, Loukas A, Mulvenna JP, Clark RJ, Miles JJ. Helminth immunomodulation in autoimmune disease. Front Immunol. 2017;8:453. doi:10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00453"},{"issue":"1","key":"B33","series-title":"Cell","first-page":"121","article-title":"Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation","volume":"157","author":"Belkaid Y","year":"2014","unstructured":"Belkaid Y, Hand TW. Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation. Cell. 2014;157(1):121\u2013141. doi:10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.011"},{"key":"B34","series-title":"Front Allergy","first-page":"1220481","article-title":"The old friends hypothesis: evolution, immunoregulation and essential microbial inputs","volume":"4","author":"Rook GAW","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rook GAW. The old friends hypothesis: evolution, immunoregulation and essential microbial inputs. Front Allergy. 2023;4:1220481. doi:10.3389\/falgy.2023.1220481"},{"issue":"3","key":"B35","series-title":"J Asthma","first-page":"320","article-title":"The immunomodulatory effect of probiotics beyond atopy: an update","volume":"51","author":"Vitaliti G","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vitaliti G, Pavone P, Guglielmo F, Spataro G, Falsaperla R. The immunomodulatory effect of probiotics beyond atopy: an update. J Asthma. 2014;51(3):320\u2013332. doi:10.3109\/02770903.2013.862259"},{"issue":"3","key":"B36","series-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med","first-page":"186","article-title":"Lactobacillus reuteri-induced regulatory T cells protect against an allergic airway response in mice","volume":"179","author":"Karimi K","year":"2009","unstructured":"Karimi K, Inman MD, Bienenstock J, Forsythe P. Lactobacillus reuteri-induced regulatory T cells protect against an allergic airway response in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;179(3):186\u2013193. doi:10.1164\/rccm.200806-951OC"},{"issue":"4","key":"B37","series-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev","first-page":"405","article-title":"Antagonistic activities of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria against microbial pathogens","volume":"28","author":"Servin AL","year":"2004","unstructured":"Servin AL. Antagonistic activities of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria against microbial pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2004;28(4):405\u2013440. doi:10.1016\/j.femsre.2004.01.003"},{"issue":"6","key":"B38","series-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm","first-page":"449","article-title":"Probiotics","volume":"67","author":"Williams NT","year":"2010","unstructured":"Williams NT. Probiotics. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2010;67(6):449\u2013458. doi:10.2146\/ajhp090168"},{"issue":"17","key":"B39","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"2056","article-title":"Strain-dependent effects of probiotic lactobacilli on EAE autoimmunity","volume":"26","author":"Maassen CBM","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maassen CBM, Claassen E. Strain-dependent effects of probiotic lactobacilli on EAE autoimmunity. Vaccine. 2008;26(17):2056\u20132057. doi:10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.02.035"},{"key":"B40","series-title":"Anaerobe","first-page":"102103","article-title":"The effect of lactobacillus cell size on its probiotic characteristics","volume":"62","author":"Rajab S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rajab S, Tabandeh F, Shahraky MK, Alahyaribeik S. The effect of lactobacillus cell size on its probiotic characteristics. Anaerobe. 2020;62:102103. doi:10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2019.102103"},{"issue":"3","key":"B41","series-title":"Int J Food Microbiol","first-page":"87","article-title":"Lactobacilli as multifaceted probiotics with poorly disclosed molecular mechanisms","volume":"143","author":"Turpin W","year":"2010","unstructured":"Turpin W, Humblot C, Thomas M, Guyot JP. Lactobacilli as multifaceted probiotics with poorly disclosed molecular mechanisms. Int J Food Microbiol. 2010;143(3):87\u2013102. doi:10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.07.032"},{"issue":"7","key":"B42","series-title":"Clin Exp Allergy","first-page":"1071","article-title":"A protective effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 against eczema in the first 2 years of life persists to age 4 years","volume":"42","author":"Wickens K","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wickens K, Black P, Stanley TV, et al. A protective effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 against eczema in the first 2 years of life persists to age 4 years. Clin Exp Allergy. 2012;42(7):1071\u20131079. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2012.03975.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"B43","series-title":"Benef Microbes","first-page":"225","article-title":"Bugs for atopy: the Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG strategy for food allergy prevention and treatment in children","volume":"6","author":"Cosenza L","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cosenza L, Nocerino R, Di Scala C, et al. Bugs for atopy: the Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG strategy for food allergy prevention and treatment in children. Benef Microbes. 2015;6(2):225\u2013232. doi:10.3920\/BM2014.0158"},{"issue":"2","key":"B44","series-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol","first-page":"93","article-title":"Probiotics for the treatment or prevention of atopic dermatitis: a review of the evidence from randomized controlled trials","volume":"9","author":"Betsi GI","year":"2008","unstructured":"Betsi GI, Papadavid E, Falagas ME. Probiotics for the treatment or prevention of atopic dermatitis: a review of the evidence from randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2008;9(2):93\u2013103. doi:10.2165\/00128071-200809020-00002"},{"key":"B45","series-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol","first-page":"1137275","article-title":"Lactobacillus for the treatment and prevention of atopic dermatitis: clinical and experimental evidence","volume":"13","author":"Xie A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xie A, Chen A, Chen Y, et al. Lactobacillus for the treatment and prevention of atopic dermatitis: clinical and experimental evidence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023;13:1137275. doi:10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1137275"},{"issue":"6","key":"B46","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"735","article-title":"Evaluation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG for the prevention of atopic dermatitis in dogs","volume":"70","author":"Marsella R","year":"2009","unstructured":"Marsella R. Evaluation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG for the prevention of atopic dermatitis in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2009;70(6):735\u2013740. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.70.6.735"},{"issue":"2","key":"B47","series-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol","first-page":"185","article-title":"Early exposure to probiotics in a canine model of atopic dermatitis has long-term clinical and immunological effects","volume":"146","author":"Marsella R","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marsella R, Santoro D, Ahrens K. Early exposure to probiotics in a canine model of atopic dermatitis has long-term clinical and immunological effects. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2012;146(2):185\u2013189. doi:10.1016\/j.vetimm.2012.02.013"},{"issue":"5","key":"B48","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"350","article-title":"Complementary effect of oral administration of Lactobacillus paracasei K71 on canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"26","author":"Ohshima-Terada Y","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ohshima-Terada Y, Higuchi Y, Kumagai T, Hagihara A, Nagata M. Complementary effect of oral administration of Lactobacillus paracasei K71 on canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol. 2015;26(5):350\u2013353. doi:10.1111\/vde.12224"},{"issue":"8","key":"B49","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"499","article-title":"Pilot evaluation of Enterococcus faecium SF68 as adjunctive therapy for oclacitinib-responsive adult atopic dermatitis in dogs","volume":"60","author":"Yamazaki C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yamazaki C, Rosenkrantz W, Griffin C. Pilot evaluation of Enterococcus faecium SF68 as adjunctive therapy for oclacitinib-responsive adult atopic dermatitis in dogs. J Small Anim Pract. 2019;60(8):499\u2013506. doi:10.1111\/jsap.13042"},{"key":"B50","series-title":"J Vet Med Sci","article-title":"Probiotics as an adjunct in the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of in vivo studies in dogs","author":"Pacheco RCF","year":"Forthcoming","unstructured":"Pacheco RCF, Lins LF, Paes de Brito L, et al. Probiotics as an adjunct in the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of in vivo studies in dogs. J Vet Med Sci. Forthcoming. doi:10.1292\/jvms.24-0471"},{"issue":"11","key":"B51","series-title":"J Microbiol Biotechnol","first-page":"1966","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo controlled-trial of a probiotic strain Lactobacillus sakei probio-65 for the prevention of canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"25","author":"Kim H","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim H, Rather IA, Kim H, et al. A double-blind, placebo controlled-trial of a probiotic strain Lactobacillus sakei probio-65 for the prevention of canine atopic dermatitis. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2015;25(11):1966\u20131969. doi:10.4014\/jmb.1506.06065"},{"issue":"1","key":"B52","series-title":"Pol J Vet Sci","first-page":"131","article-title":"Clinical effects of combined Lactobacillus paracasei and kestose on canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"26","author":"Kawano K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kawano K, Iyori K, Kondo N, et al. Clinical effects of combined Lactobacillus paracasei and kestose on canine atopic dermatitis. Pol J Vet Sci. 2023;26(1):131\u2013136. doi:10.24425\/pjvs.2023.145014"},{"issue":"1","key":"B53","series-title":"J Vet Clin","first-page":"8","article-title":"Application of a synbio-glucan functional spray for canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"40","author":"Kim Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim Y, Jeong Y, An J, Ahn J, Chung J. Application of a synbio-glucan functional spray for canine atopic dermatitis. J Vet Clin. 2023;40(1):8\u201315. doi:10.17555\/jvc.2023.40.1.8"},{"issue":"2","key":"B54","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"114-e23","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of spray-based heat-treated lactobacilli in canine atopic dermatitis: a preliminary, open-label, uncontrolled study","volume":"32","author":"Santoro D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Santoro D, Fagman L, Zhang Y, Fahong Y. Clinical efficacy of spray-based heat-treated lactobacilli in canine atopic dermatitis: a preliminary, open-label, uncontrolled study. Vet Dermatol. 2021;32(2):114-e23. doi:10.1111\/vde.12915"},{"issue":"18","key":"B55","series-title":"Animals (Basel)","first-page":"2377","article-title":"Comparison of the gut microbiome between atopic and healthy dogs-preliminary data","volume":"12","author":"Rostaher A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rostaher A, Morsy Y, Favrot C, et al. Comparison of the gut microbiome between atopic and healthy dogs-preliminary data. Animals (Basel). 2022;12(18):2377. doi:10.3390\/ani12182377"},{"issue":"1","key":"B56","series-title":"Microbiome","first-page":"232","article-title":"A comprehensive analysis of gut and skin microbiota in canine atopic dermatitis in Shiba Inu dogs","volume":"11","author":"Thomsen M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thomsen M, K\u00fcnstner A, Wohlers I, et al. A comprehensive analysis of gut and skin microbiota in canine atopic dermatitis in Shiba Inu dogs. Microbiome. 2023;11(1):232. doi:10.1186\/s40168-023-01671-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"B57","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"8824","article-title":"Pilot evaluation of a single oral fecal microbiota transplantation for canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"13","author":"Sugita K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sugita K, Shima A, Takahashi K, Ishihara G, Kawano K, Ohmori K. Pilot evaluation of a single oral fecal microbiota transplantation for canine atopic dermatitis. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):8824. doi:10.1038\/s41598-023-35565-y"},{"issue":"3","key":"B58","series-title":"Vet Med Sci","first-page":"e1453","article-title":"Investigation of the relationship between atopic dermatitis of dogs and intestinal epithelial damage","volume":"10","author":"Ekici YE","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ekici YE, Ok M. Investigation of the relationship between atopic dermatitis of dogs and intestinal epithelial damage. Vet Med Sci. 2024;10(3):e1453. doi:10.1002\/vms3.1453"},{"issue":"1","key":"B59","series-title":"Gut Microbes","first-page":"2096995","article-title":"Impact of gut microbiome on skin health: gut-skin axis observed through the lenses of therapeutics and skin diseases","volume":"14","author":"Mahmud MR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mahmud MR, Akter S, Tamanna SK, et al. Impact of gut microbiome on skin health: gut-skin axis observed through the lenses of therapeutics and skin diseases. Gut Microbes. 2022;14(1):2096995. doi:10.1080\/19490976.2022.2096995"},{"issue":"8","key":"B60","series-title":"Int J Mol Sci","first-page":"4228","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the microbiome across the gut-skin axis in atopic dermatitis","volume":"22","author":"Park DH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Park DH, Kim JW, Park HJ, Hahm DH. Comparative analysis of the microbiome across the gut-skin axis in atopic dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(8):4228. doi:10.3390\/ijms22084228"},{"issue":"1","key":"B61","series-title":"BMC Microbiol","first-page":"228","article-title":"Probiotics ameliorate atopic dermatitis by modulating the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in dogs","volume":"25","author":"Song H","year":"2025","unstructured":"Song H, Mun SH, Han DW, et al. Probiotics ameliorate atopic dermatitis by modulating the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in dogs. BMC Microbiol. 2025;25(1):228. doi:10.1186\/s12866-025-03924-6"},{"issue":"12","key":"B62","series-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek","first-page":"2019","article-title":"Human gut microbiota\/microbiome in health and diseases: a review","volume":"113","author":"Gomaa EZ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gomaa EZ. Human gut microbiota\/microbiome in health and diseases: a review. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2020;113(12):2019\u20132040. doi:10.1007\/s10482-020-01474-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"B63","series-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther","first-page":"135","article-title":"Microbiota in health and diseases","volume":"7","author":"Hou K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hou K, Wu ZX, Chen XY, et al. Microbiota in health and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022;7(1):135. doi:10.1038\/s41392-022-00974-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"B64","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"10","article-title":"The microbiome: the trillions of microorganisms that maintain health and cause disease in humans and companion animals","volume":"53","author":"Rodrigues Hoffmann A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rodrigues Hoffmann A, Proctor LM, Surette MG, Suchodolski JS. The microbiome: the trillions of microorganisms that maintain health and cause disease in humans and companion animals. Vet Pathol. 2016;53(1):10\u201321. doi:10.1177\/0300985815595517"},{"key":"B65","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"498","article-title":"The role of the canine gut microbiome and metabolome in health and gastrointestinal disease","volume":"6","author":"Pilla R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pilla R, Suchodolski JS. The role of the canine gut microbiome and metabolome in health and gastrointestinal disease. Front Vet Sci. 2020;6:498. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2019.00498"},{"issue":"1","key":"B66","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"137","article-title":"The canine and feline skin microbiome in health and disease","volume":"24","author":"Weese JS","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weese JS. The canine and feline skin microbiome in health and disease. Vet Dermatol. 2013;24(1):137\u2013145. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2012.01076.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"B67","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"60-e15","article-title":"The cutaneous ecosystem: the roles of the skin microbiome in health and its association with inflammatory skin conditions in humans and animals","volume":"28","author":"Rodrigues Hoffmann A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rodrigues Hoffmann A. The cutaneous ecosystem: the roles of the skin microbiome in health and its association with inflammatory skin conditions in humans and animals. Vet Dermatol. 2017;28(1):60-e15. doi:10.1111\/vde.12408"},{"issue":"8","key":"B68","series-title":"Allergy","first-page":"1445","article-title":"A biodiversity hypothesis","volume":"74","author":"Haahtela T","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haahtela T. A biodiversity hypothesis. Allergy. 2019;74(8):1445\u20131456. doi:10.1111\/all.13763"},{"issue":"3","key":"B69","series-title":"Ann Med","first-page":"218","article-title":"Helsinki alert of biodiversity and health","volume":"47","author":"von Hertzen L","year":"2015","unstructured":"von Hertzen L, Beutler B, Bienenstock J, et al. Helsinki alert of biodiversity and health. Ann Med. 2015;47(3):218\u2013225. doi:10.3109\/07853890.2015.1010226"},{"key":"B70","series-title":"Ecotox Environ Saf","first-page":"113900","article-title":"A placebo-controlled double-blinded test of the biodiversity hypothesis of immune-mediated diseases: environmental microbial diversity elicits changes in cytokines and increase in T regulatory cells in young children","volume":"242","author":"Roslund MI","year":"2022","unstructured":"Roslund MI, Parajuli A, Hui N, et al. A placebo-controlled double-blinded test of the biodiversity hypothesis of immune-mediated diseases: environmental microbial diversity elicits changes in cytokines and increase in T regulatory cells in young children. Ecotox Environ Saf. 2022;242:113900. doi:10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113900"},{"issue":"1","key":"B71","series-title":"Microbiome","first-page":"139","article-title":"Individual signatures and environmental factors shape skin microbiota in healthy dogs","volume":"5","author":"Cusc\u00f3 A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cusc\u00f3 A, Belanger JM, Gershony L, et al. Individual signatures and environmental factors shape skin microbiota in healthy dogs. Microbiome. 2017;5(1):139. doi:10.1186\/s40168-017-0355-6"},{"issue":"5","key":"B72","series-title":"Vet Dermatol","first-page":"332-e82","article-title":"The skin microbiome in allergen-induced canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"27","author":"Pierezan F","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pierezan F, Olivry T, Paps JS, et al. The skin microbiome in allergen-induced canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol. 2016;27(5):332-e82. doi:10.1111\/vde.12366"},{"issue":"6","key":"B73","series-title":"J Invest Dermatol","first-page":"1182","article-title":"Longitudinal evaluation of the skin microbiome and association with microenvironment and treatment in canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"136","author":"Bradley CW","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bradley CW, Morris DO, Rankin SC, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of the skin microbiome and association with microenvironment and treatment in canine atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2016;136(6):1182\u20131190. doi:10.1016\/j.jid.2016.01.023"},{"issue":"4","key":"B74","series-title":"R Soc Open Sci","first-page":"221104","article-title":"Distinct healthy and atopic canine gut microbiota is influenced by diet and antibiotics","volume":"10","author":"Sinkko H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sinkko H, Lehtim\u00e4ki J, Lohi H, Ruokolainen L, Hielm-Bj\u00f6rkman A. Distinct healthy and atopic canine gut microbiota is influenced by diet and antibiotics. R Soc Open Sci. 2023;10(4):221104. doi:10.1098\/rsos.221104"},{"key":"B75","series-title":"J Autoimmunity","first-page":"103114","article-title":"The gut ecosystem and immune tolerance","volume":"141","author":"Tihong ST","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tihong ST, Hsu R, Rafizadeh DL, et al. The gut ecosystem and immune tolerance. J Autoimmunity. 2023;141:103114. doi:10.1016\/j.jaut.2023.103114"},{"key":"B76","series-title":"Curr Opin Immunol","first-page":"102486","article-title":"Eating for immunity: how diet shapes our defenses","volume":"91","author":"Freya Q Zhang FQ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Freya Q Zhang FQ, Chen J, Fan H. Eating for immunity: how diet shapes our defenses. Curr Opin Immunol. 2024;91:102486. doi:10.1016\/j.coi.2024.102486"},{"key":"B77","series-title":"Front Pediatr","first-page":"545","article-title":"The role of diet diversity and diet indices on allergy outcomes","volume":"8","author":"D\u2019Auria E","year":"2020","unstructured":"D\u2019Auria E, Peroni DG, Sartorio MUA, Verduci E, Zuccotti GV, Venter C. The role of diet diversity and diet indices on allergy outcomes. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:545. doi:10.3389\/fped.2020.00545"},{"issue":"5","key":"B78","series-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res","first-page":"545","article-title":"Immunonutrition: diet diversity, gut microbiome and prevention of allergic diseases","volume":"15","author":"Venter C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Venter C. Immunonutrition: diet diversity, gut microbiome and prevention of allergic diseases. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2023;15(5):545\u2013561. doi:10.4168\/aair.2023.15.5.545"},{"issue":"2","key":"B79","series-title":"Clin Dermatol","first-page":"135","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis and nutrition","volume":"40","author":"Khan A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khan A, Adalsteinsson J, Whitaker-Worth DL. Atopic dermatitis and nutrition. Clin Dermatol. 2022;40(2):135\u2013144. doi:10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2021.10.006"},{"issue":"29","key":"B80","series-title":"World J Gastroenterol","first-page":"8787","article-title":"Role of the normal gut microbiota","volume":"21","author":"Jandhyala SM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jandhyala SM, Talukdar R, Subramanyam C, Vuyyuru H, Sasikala M, Reddy DN. Role of the normal gut microbiota. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(29):8787\u20138803. doi:10.3748\/wjg.v21.i29.8787"},{"key":"B81","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"7","article-title":"Effect of kibble and raw meat diets on peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene expression profile in dogs","volume":"234","author":"Anderson RC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anderson RC, Armstrong KM, Young W, Maclean P, Thomas DG, Bermingham EN. Effect of kibble and raw meat diets on peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene expression profile in dogs. Vet J. 2018;234:7\u201310. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.01.005"},{"issue":"5","key":"B82","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0225675","article-title":"Identification of modifiable pre- and postnatal dietary and environmental exposures associated with owner-reported canine atopic dermatitis in Finland using a web-based questionnaire","volume":"15","author":"Hemida M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hemida M, Vuori KA, Salin S, Moore R, Anturaniemi J, Hielm-Bj\u00f6rkman A. Identification of modifiable pre- and postnatal dietary and environmental exposures associated with owner-reported canine atopic dermatitis in Finland using a web-based questionnaire. PLoS One. 2020;15(5):e0225675. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0225675"},{"issue":"5","key":"B83","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"2374","article-title":"Puppyhood diet as a factor in the development of owner-reported allergy\/atopy skin signs in adult dogs in Finland","volume":"35","author":"Hemida MBM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hemida MBM, Salin S, Vuori KA, et al. Puppyhood diet as a factor in the development of owner-reported allergy\/atopy skin signs in adult dogs in Finland. J Vet Intern Med. 2021;35(5):2374\u20132383. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16211"},{"key":"B84","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"552251","article-title":"The effect of atopic dermatitis and diet on the skin transcriptome in Staffordshire bull terriers","volume":"7","author":"Anturaniemi J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anturaniemi J, Zald\u00edvar-L\u00f3pez S, Savelkoul HFJ, Elo K, Hielm-Bj\u00f6rkman A. The effect of atopic dermatitis and diet on the skin transcriptome in Staffordshire bull terriers. Front Vet Sci. 2020;7:552251. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2020.552251"},{"issue":"5","key":"B85","series-title":"Allergy","first-page":"1418","article-title":"Epithelial barrier hypothesis: effect of the external exposome on the microbiome and epithelial barriers in allergic disease","volume":"77","author":"Celebi Sozener Z","year":"2022","unstructured":"Celebi Sozener Z, Ozdel Ozturk B, Cerci P, et al. Epithelial barrier hypothesis: effect of the external exposome on the microbiome and epithelial barriers in allergic disease. Allergy. 2022;77(5):1418\u20131449. doi:10.1111\/all.15240"},{"key":"B86","series-title":"Front Allergy","first-page":"887672","article-title":"The external exposome and allergies: from the perspective of the epithelial barrier hypothesis","volume":"3","author":"Celebi Sozener Z","year":"2022","unstructured":"Celebi Sozener Z, \u00d6zbey Y\u00fccel \u00dc, Altiner S, et al. The external exposome and allergies: from the perspective of the epithelial barrier hypothesis. Front Allergy. 2022;3:887672. doi:10.3389\/falgy.2022.887672"},{"issue":"6","key":"B87","series-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol","first-page":"1517","article-title":"Environmental factors in epithelial barrier dysfunction","volume":"145","author":"Celebi S\u00f6zener Z","year":"2020","unstructured":"Celebi S\u00f6zener Z, Cevhertas L, Nadeau K, Akdis M, Akdis CA. Environmental factors in epithelial barrier dysfunction. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;145(6):1517\u20131528. doi:10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.04.024"},{"issue":"6","key":"B88","series-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res","first-page":"705","article-title":"Epithelial barrier theory: the role of exposome, microbiome, and barrier function in allergic diseases","volume":"15","author":"Losol P","year":"2023","unstructured":"Losol P, Sokolowska M, Hwang YK, et al. Epithelial barrier theory: the role of exposome, microbiome, and barrier function in allergic diseases. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2023;15(6):705\u2013724. doi:10.4168\/aair.2023.15.6.705"},{"issue":"3","key":"B89","series-title":"Allergy","first-page":"862","article-title":"Effect of indoor air pollution on atopic dermatitis in dogs","volume":"78","author":"Lee JH","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee JH, Kang BT, Kim HJ. Effect of indoor air pollution on atopic dermatitis in dogs. Allergy. 2023;78(3):862\u2013864. doi:10.1111\/all.15521"},{"key":"B90","series-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf","first-page":"115544","article-title":"Indoor particulate matter induces epigenetic changes in companion atopic dogs","volume":"266","author":"Kim J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim J, Kim Y, Song Y, Kim TJ, Lee SH, Kim HJ. Indoor particulate matter induces epigenetic changes in companion atopic dogs. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2023;266:115544. doi:10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115544"},{"key":"B91","series-title":"Ageing Res Rev","first-page":"102204","article-title":"Epigenetic reprogramming as a key to reverse ageing and increase longevity","volume":"95","author":"Pereira B","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pereira B, Correia FP, Alves IA, et al. Epigenetic reprogramming as a key to reverse ageing and increase longevity. Ageing Res Rev. 2024;95:102204. doi:10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102204"},{"key":"B92","series-title":"Food Chem Toxicol","first-page":"329","article-title":"Association between passive smoking and atopic dermatitis in dogs","volume":"66","author":"Ka D","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ka D, Marignac G, Desquilbet L, et al. Association between passive smoking and atopic dermatitis in dogs. Food Chem Toxicol. 2014;66:329\u2013333. doi:10.1016\/j.fct.2014.01.015"},{"issue":"12","key":"B93","series-title":"Allergy","first-page":"3238","article-title":"Epithelial barrier dysfunction and associated diseases in companion animals: differences and similarities between humans and animals and research needs","volume":"79","author":"Ardicli S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ardicli S, Ardicli O, Yazici D, et al. Epithelial barrier dysfunction and associated diseases in companion animals: differences and similarities between humans and animals and research needs. Allergy. 2024;79(12):3238\u20133268. doi:10.1111\/all.16343"},{"issue":"9","key":"B94","series-title":"Allergy","first-page":"2441","article-title":"Mechanisms of gut epithelial barrier impairment caused by food emulsifiers polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80","volume":"78","author":"Ogulur I","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ogulur I, Yazici D, Pat Y, et al. Mechanisms of gut epithelial barrier impairment caused by food emulsifiers polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80. Allergy. 2023;78(9):2441\u20132455. doi:10.1111\/all.15825"},{"issue":"6","key":"B95","series-title":"J Crohns Colitis","first-page":"1068","article-title":"Food additive emulsifiers and their impact on gut microbiome, permeability, and inflammation: mechanistic insights in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"15","author":"Bancil AS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bancil AS, Sandall AM, Rossi M, Chassaing B, Lindsay JO, Whelan K. Food additive emulsifiers and their impact on gut microbiome, permeability, and inflammation: mechanistic insights in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2021;15(6):1068\u20131079. doi:10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa254"},{"issue":"6","key":"B96","series-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol","first-page":"406","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods and food additives in gut health and disease","volume":"21","author":"Whelan K","year":"2024","unstructured":"Whelan K, Bancil AS, Lindsay JO, Chassaing B. Ultra-processed foods and food additives in gut health and disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;21(6):406\u2013427. doi:10.1038\/s41575-024-00893-5"},{"key":"B97","series-title":"Front Immunol","first-page":"1604","article-title":"Effectiveness of helminth therapy in the prevention of allograft rejection: a systematic review of allogeneic transplantation","volume":"11","author":"Kiss M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kiss M, Burns H, Donnelly S, Hawthorne WJ. Effectiveness of helminth therapy in the prevention of allograft rejection: a systematic review of allogeneic transplantation. Front Immunol. 2020:11:1604. doi:10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01604"},{"issue":"4","key":"B98","series-title":"Trends Mol Med","first-page":"345","article-title":"Mining helminths for novel therapeutics","volume":"27","author":"Lothstein KE","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lothstein KE, Gause WC. Mining helminths for novel therapeutics. Trends Mol Med. 2021;27(4):345\u2013364. doi:10.1016\/j.molmed.2020.12.010"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/1\/ajvr.25.07.0275.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/1\/ajvr.25.07.0275.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/1\/ajvr.25.07.0275.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T14:08:29Z","timestamp":1767362909000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/1\/ajvr.25.07.0275.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"references-count":196,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.25.07.0275","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9645"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1943-5681"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]}}}