{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T15:06:23Z","timestamp":1772463983392,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n To determine the pharmacokinetics of robenacoxib after a single IM dose (2 mg\/kg) in Caribbean flamingos (\n Phoenicopterus ruber<\/jats:italic>\n ).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n In the spring of 2025, following a pilot study to determine appropriate dosage, clinically healthy Caribbean flamingos under human care at a zoological institution received a single IM dose of robenacoxib (2 mg\/kg) in the left pectoral muscle. Blood samples were collected under manual restraint using a sparse-sampling protocol, where each individual was sampled twice. Samples were collected from the right jugular vein at 15 and 30 minutes and 1, 2, 4, and 8 hours after drug administration. Plasma concentrations were determined using HPLC-MS. A na\u00efve pooled approach was used for pharmacokinetic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n 12 flamingos were included in this study. A maximal plasma concentration of 3.51 \u00b5g\/mL (range, 0.083 to 4.83 \u00b5g\/mL) was observed at 15 minutes after robenacoxib administration. The plasma terminal half-life was 1.10 hours.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n IM administration of robenacoxib (2 mg\/kg) in Caribbean flamingos results in rapid absorption, with high plasma concentrations reached at 15 minutes, and has a short plasma terminal half-life.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n A 2-mg\/kg IM dose of robenacoxib in Caribbean flamingos results in maximum plasma concentrations above those considered therapeutic in domestic species with no adverse effects of administration.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.07.0278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T13:33:59Z","timestamp":1763732039000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intramuscular administration of robenacoxib in Caribbean flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber) results in rapid absorption and a short plasma half-life"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2576-9348","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michelle R.","family":"Greenfield-Feig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indianapolis Zoo, Indianapolis, IN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Fayette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indianapolis Zoo, Indianapolis, IN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sherry","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"B1","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"1235","article-title":"Pododermatitis in captive and free-ranging greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus)","author":"Wyss F","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wyss F, Schumacher V, Wenker C, et al. Pododermatitis in captive and free-ranging greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus). Vet Pathol. 2015;52(6):1235\u20131242. doi:10.1177\/0300985814568359"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"57","article-title":"Mortality and diseases in greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) and Caribbean flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) kept at the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hagen K, Espie I, Lane EP, Kotze A, Clauss M, Codron D. Mortality and diseases in greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) and Caribbean flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) kept at the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Diseases of Zoo and Wild Animals. Leibnitz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research; 2014:57\u201364."},{"issue":"1","key":"B3","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","first-page":"44","article-title":"Classification and prevalence of foot lesions in captive flamingos (Phoenicopteridae)","author":"Nielsen AMW","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nielsen AMW, Nielsen SS, King CE, Bertelsen MF. Classification and prevalence of foot lesions in captive flamingos (Phoenicopteridae). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2010;41(1):44\u201349. doi:10.1638\/2009-0095.1"},{"issue":"4","key":"B4","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","first-page":"744","article-title":"Risk factors for development of foot lesions in captive flamingos (Phoenicopteridae)","author":"Nielsen AMW","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nielsen AMW, Nielsen SS, King CE, Bertelsen MF. Risk factors for development of foot lesions in captive flamingos (Phoenicopteridae). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2012;43(4):744\u2013749. doi:10.1638\/2011-0059r2.1"},{"issue":"7","key":"B5","series-title":"Animals","first-page":"116","article-title":"Managing aged animals in zoos to promote positive welfare: a review and future directions","author":"Krebs BL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krebs BL, Marrin D, Phelps A, Krol L, Watters JV. Managing aged animals in zoos to promote positive welfare: a review and future directions. Animals. 2018;8(7):116. doi:10.3390\/ani8070116"},{"issue":"suppl 11","key":"B6","series-title":"J Am Osteopath Assoc","first-page":"S7","article-title":"COX-1 and COX-2 in health and disease","author":"Adelizzi RA","year":"1999","unstructured":"Adelizzi RA. COX-1 and COX-2 in health and disease. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1999;99(suppl 11):S7\u201312. doi:10.7556\/jaoa.1999.99.11.s7"},{"issue":"2","key":"B7","series-title":"J Pharm Pharm Sci","first-page":"81","article-title":"Evolution of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition and beyond","author":"Rao P","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rao P, Knaus EE. Evolution of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition and beyond. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2008;11(2):81. doi:10.18433\/j3t886"},{"issue":"3","key":"B8","series-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov","first-page":"179","article-title":"The development of COX2 inhibitors","author":"Flower RJ","year":"2003","unstructured":"Flower RJ. The development of COX2 inhibitors. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003;2(3):179\u2013191. doi:10.1038\/nrd1034"},{"key":"B9","series-title":"Vet Med Res Rep","first-page":"53","article-title":"Robenacoxib in the treatment of pain in cats and dogs: safety, efficacy, and place in therapy","author":"Kongara K","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kongara K, Chambers P. Robenacoxib in the treatment of pain in cats and dogs: safety, efficacy, and place in therapy. Vet Med Res Rep. 2018;9:53\u201361. doi:10.2147\/vmrr.s170893"},{"issue":"1","key":"B10","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"1","article-title":"Preclinical pharmacology of robenacoxib: a novel selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2","author":"King JN","year":"2009","unstructured":"King JN, Dawson J, Esser RE, et al. Preclinical pharmacology of robenacoxib: a novel selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2009;32(1):1\u201317. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2008.00962.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"B11","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"41","article-title":"Analytical determination and pharmacokinetics of robenacoxib in the dog","author":"Jung M","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jung M, Lees P, Seewald W, King JN.Analytical determination and pharmacokinetics of robenacoxib in the dog. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2009;32(1):41\u201348. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2008.01035.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"B12","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"444","article-title":"In vitro and ex vivo inhibition of COX isoforms by robenacoxib in the cat: a comparative study","author":"Schmid VB","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schmid VB, Seewald W, Lees P, King JN. In vitro and ex vivo inhibition of COX isoforms by robenacoxib in the cat: a comparative study. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2010;33(5):444\u2013452. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2010.01166.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"B13","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"184","article-title":"Evaluation of subcutaneous and oral administration of robenacoxib and meloxicam for the treatment of acute pain and inflammation associated with orthopedic surgery in dogs","author":"Gruet P","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gruet P, Seewald W, King JN. Evaluation of subcutaneous and oral administration of robenacoxib and meloxicam for the treatment of acute pain and inflammation associated with orthopedic surgery in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2011;72(2):184\u2013193. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.72.2.184"},{"issue":"1","key":"B14","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"114","article-title":"Comparison of injectable robenacoxib versus meloxicam for peri-operative use in cats: results of a randomised clinical trial","author":"Kamata M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kamata M, King JN, Seewald W, Sakakibara N, Yamashita K, Nishimura R. Comparison of injectable robenacoxib versus meloxicam for peri-operative use in cats: results of a randomised clinical trial. Vet J. 2012;193(1):114\u2013118. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.11.026"},{"issue":"4","key":"B15","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"325","article-title":"Pharmacology, safety, efficacy and clinical uses of the COX-2 inhibitor robenacoxib","author":"Lees P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lees P, Toutain P, Elliott J, Giraudel JM, Pelligand L, King JN. Pharmacology, safety, efficacy and clinical uses of the COX-2 inhibitor robenacoxib. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2022;45(4):325\u2013351. doi:10.1111\/jvp.13052"},{"key":"B16","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"92","article-title":"Robenacoxib versus meloxicam for the management of pain and inflammation associated with soft tissue surgery in dogs: a randomized, non-inferiority clinical trial","author":"Gruet P","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gruet P, Seewald W, King JN. Robenacoxib versus meloxicam for the management of pain and inflammation associated with soft tissue surgery in dogs: a randomized, non-inferiority clinical trial. BMC Vet Res. 2013;9:92. doi:10.1186\/1746-6148-9-92"},{"issue":"6","key":"B17","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"413","article-title":"Disposition kinetics of robenacoxib following intravenous and oral administration in geese (Anser anser domesticus)","author":"Fadel C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fadel C, \u0141ebkowska-Wieruszewska B, Lisowski A, Laut S, Poapolathep A, Giorgi M. Disposition kinetics of robenacoxib following intravenous and oral administration in geese (Anser anser domesticus). J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2023;46(6):413\u2013420. doi:10.1111\/jvp.13398"},{"issue":"2","key":"B18","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","first-page":"529","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and toxicology study of robenacoxib in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","author":"Raulic J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Raulic J, Beaudry F, Beauchamp G, et al. Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and toxicology study of robenacoxib in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2021;52(2):529\u2013537. doi:10.1638\/2020-0130"},{"issue":"10","key":"B19","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of robenacoxib after a single intramuscular dose in smooth dogfish (Mustelus canis)","author":"Minich DJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Minich DJ, Fayette MA, Cox S. Pharmacokinetics of robenacoxib after a single intramuscular dose in smooth dogfish (Mustelus canis). Am J Vet Res. 2023;84(10):1\u20134. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.23.06.0130"},{"issue":"6","key":"B20","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"385","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of robenacoxib following single intravenous, subcutaneous and oral administrations in Baladi goats (Capra hircus)","author":"Fadel C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fadel C, \u0141ebkowska-Wieruszewska B, Zizzadoro C, Lisowski A, Poapolathep A, Giorgi M. Pharmacokinetics of robenacoxib following single intravenous, subcutaneous and oral administrations in Baladi goats (Capra hircus). J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2023;46(6):385\u2013392. doi:10.1111\/jvp.13396"},{"issue":"6","key":"B21","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"550","article-title":"Robenacoxib pharmacokinetics in sheep following oral, subcutaneous, and intravenous administration","author":"Fadel C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fadel C, \u0141ebkowska-Wieruszewska B, Sartini I, Lisowski A, Poapolathep A, Giorgi M. Robenacoxib pharmacokinetics in sheep following oral, subcutaneous, and intravenous administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2022;45(6):550\u2013557. doi:10.1111\/jvp.13089"},{"issue":"1","key":"B22","series-title":"J Avian Med Surg","first-page":"14","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of a single dose of oral and subcutaneous meloxicam in Caribbean flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber)","author":"Lindemann DM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lindemann DM, Carpenter JW, KuKanich B. Pharmacokinetics of a single dose of oral and subcutaneous meloxicam in Caribbean flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber). J Avian Med Surg. 2016;30(1):14\u201322. doi:10.1647\/2014-065"},{"issue":"3","key":"B23","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"267","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam after intramuscular and oral administration of a single dose to American flamingos (Phoenicopertus ruber)","author":"Boonstra JL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boonstra JL, Cox SK, Martin-Jimenez T. Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam after intramuscular and oral administration of a single dose to American flamingos (Phoenicopertus ruber). Am J Vet Res. 2017;78(3):267\u2013273. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.78.3.267"},{"issue":"1","key":"B24","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","first-page":"53","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of oral mavacoxib in Caribbean flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber)","author":"Huckins GL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huckins GL, Carpenter JW, Dias S, KuKanich B. Pharmacokinetics of oral mavacoxib in Caribbean flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2020;51(1):53. doi:10.1638\/2019-0161"},{"issue":"5","key":"B25","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"298","article-title":"Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: a review","author":"Curry SL","year":"2005","unstructured":"Curry SL, Cogar SM, Cook JL. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: a review. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2005;41(5):298\u2013309. doi:10.5326\/0410298"},{"issue":"1","key":"B26","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"19","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic modelling of robenacoxib in a feline tissue cage model of inflammation","author":"Pelligand L","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pelligand L, King JN, Toutain PL, Elliott J, Lees P. Pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic modelling of robenacoxib in a feline tissue cage model of inflammation. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2012;35(1):19\u201332. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2011.01288.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"B27","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"298","article-title":"Robenacoxib in the dog: target species safety in relation to extent and duration of inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2","author":"King JN","year":"2011","unstructured":"King JN, Arnaud JP, Goldenthal EI, et al. Robenacoxib in the dog: target species safety in relation to extent and duration of inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34(3):298\u2013311. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2010.01209"},{"issue":"6","key":"B1","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"1235","article-title":"Pododermatitis in captive and free-ranging greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus)","author":"Wyss F","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wyss F, Schumacher V, Wenker C, et al. Pododermatitis in captive and free-ranging greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus). Vet Pathol. 2015;52(6):1235\u20131242. doi:10.1177\/0300985814568359"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"57","article-title":"Mortality and diseases in greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) and Caribbean flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) kept at the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hagen K, Espie I, Lane EP, Kotze A, Clauss M, Codron D. Mortality and diseases in greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) and Caribbean flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) kept at the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Diseases of Zoo and Wild Animals. Leibnitz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research; 2014:57\u201364."},{"issue":"1","key":"B3","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","first-page":"44","article-title":"Classification and prevalence of foot lesions in captive flamingos (Phoenicopteridae)","author":"Nielsen AMW","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nielsen AMW, Nielsen SS, King CE, Bertelsen MF. Classification and prevalence of foot lesions in captive flamingos (Phoenicopteridae). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2010;41(1):44\u201349. doi:10.1638\/2009-0095.1"},{"issue":"4","key":"B4","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","first-page":"744","article-title":"Risk factors for development of foot lesions in captive flamingos (Phoenicopteridae)","author":"Nielsen AMW","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nielsen AMW, Nielsen SS, King CE, Bertelsen MF. Risk factors for development of foot lesions in captive flamingos (Phoenicopteridae). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2012;43(4):744\u2013749. doi:10.1638\/2011-0059r2.1"},{"issue":"7","key":"B5","series-title":"Animals","first-page":"116","article-title":"Managing aged animals in zoos to promote positive welfare: a review and future directions","author":"Krebs BL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krebs BL, Marrin D, Phelps A, Krol L, Watters JV. Managing aged animals in zoos to promote positive welfare: a review and future directions. Animals. 2018;8(7):116. doi:10.3390\/ani8070116"},{"issue":"suppl 11","key":"B6","series-title":"J Am Osteopath Assoc","first-page":"S7","article-title":"COX-1 and COX-2 in health and disease","author":"Adelizzi RA","year":"1999","unstructured":"Adelizzi RA. COX-1 and COX-2 in health and disease. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1999;99(suppl 11):S7\u201312. doi:10.7556\/jaoa.1999.99.11.s7"},{"issue":"2","key":"B7","series-title":"J Pharm Pharm Sci","first-page":"81","article-title":"Evolution of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition and beyond","author":"Rao P","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rao P, Knaus EE. Evolution of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition and beyond. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2008;11(2):81. doi:10.18433\/j3t886"},{"issue":"3","key":"B8","series-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov","first-page":"179","article-title":"The development of COX2 inhibitors","author":"Flower RJ","year":"2003","unstructured":"Flower RJ. The development of COX2 inhibitors. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003;2(3):179\u2013191. doi:10.1038\/nrd1034"},{"key":"B9","series-title":"Vet Med Res Rep","first-page":"53","article-title":"Robenacoxib in the treatment of pain in cats and dogs: safety, efficacy, and place in therapy","author":"Kongara K","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kongara K, Chambers P. Robenacoxib in the treatment of pain in cats and dogs: safety, efficacy, and place in therapy. Vet Med Res Rep. 2018;9:53\u201361. doi:10.2147\/vmrr.s170893"},{"issue":"1","key":"B10","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"1","article-title":"Preclinical pharmacology of robenacoxib: a novel selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2","author":"King JN","year":"2009","unstructured":"King JN, Dawson J, Esser RE, et al. Preclinical pharmacology of robenacoxib: a novel selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2009;32(1):1\u201317. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2008.00962.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"B11","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"41","article-title":"Analytical determination and pharmacokinetics of robenacoxib in the dog","author":"Jung M","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jung M, Lees P, Seewald W, King JN.Analytical determination and pharmacokinetics of robenacoxib in the dog. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2009;32(1):41\u201348. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2008.01035.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"B12","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"444","article-title":"In vitro and ex vivo inhibition of COX isoforms by robenacoxib in the cat: a comparative study","author":"Schmid VB","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schmid VB, Seewald W, Lees P, King JN. In vitro and ex vivo inhibition of COX isoforms by robenacoxib in the cat: a comparative study. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2010;33(5):444\u2013452. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2010.01166.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"B13","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"184","article-title":"Evaluation of subcutaneous and oral administration of robenacoxib and meloxicam for the treatment of acute pain and inflammation associated with orthopedic surgery in dogs","author":"Gruet P","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gruet P, Seewald W, King JN. Evaluation of subcutaneous and oral administration of robenacoxib and meloxicam for the treatment of acute pain and inflammation associated with orthopedic surgery in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2011;72(2):184\u2013193. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.72.2.184"},{"issue":"1","key":"B14","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"114","article-title":"Comparison of injectable robenacoxib versus meloxicam for peri-operative use in cats: results of a randomised clinical trial","author":"Kamata M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kamata M, King JN, Seewald W, Sakakibara N, Yamashita K, Nishimura R. Comparison of injectable robenacoxib versus meloxicam for peri-operative use in cats: results of a randomised clinical trial. Vet J. 2012;193(1):114\u2013118. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.11.026"},{"issue":"4","key":"B15","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"325","article-title":"Pharmacology, safety, efficacy and clinical uses of the COX-2 inhibitor robenacoxib","author":"Lees P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lees P, Toutain P, Elliott J, Giraudel JM, Pelligand L, King JN. Pharmacology, safety, efficacy and clinical uses of the COX-2 inhibitor robenacoxib. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2022;45(4):325\u2013351. doi:10.1111\/jvp.13052"},{"key":"B16","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"92","article-title":"Robenacoxib versus meloxicam for the management of pain and inflammation associated with soft tissue surgery in dogs: a randomized, non-inferiority clinical trial","author":"Gruet P","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gruet P, Seewald W, King JN. Robenacoxib versus meloxicam for the management of pain and inflammation associated with soft tissue surgery in dogs: a randomized, non-inferiority clinical trial. BMC Vet Res. 2013;9:92. doi:10.1186\/1746-6148-9-92"},{"issue":"6","key":"B17","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"413","article-title":"Disposition kinetics of robenacoxib following intravenous and oral administration in geese (Anser anser domesticus)","author":"Fadel C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fadel C, \u0141ebkowska-Wieruszewska B, Lisowski A, Laut S, Poapolathep A, Giorgi M. Disposition kinetics of robenacoxib following intravenous and oral administration in geese (Anser anser domesticus). J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2023;46(6):413\u2013420. doi:10.1111\/jvp.13398"},{"issue":"2","key":"B18","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","first-page":"529","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and toxicology study of robenacoxib in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","author":"Raulic J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Raulic J, Beaudry F, Beauchamp G, et al. Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and toxicology study of robenacoxib in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2021;52(2):529\u2013537. doi:10.1638\/2020-0130"},{"issue":"10","key":"B19","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of robenacoxib after a single intramuscular dose in smooth dogfish (Mustelus canis)","author":"Minich DJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Minich DJ, Fayette MA, Cox S. Pharmacokinetics of robenacoxib after a single intramuscular dose in smooth dogfish (Mustelus canis). Am J Vet Res. 2023;84(10):1\u20134. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.23.06.0130"},{"issue":"6","key":"B20","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"385","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of robenacoxib following single intravenous, subcutaneous and oral administrations in Baladi goats (Capra hircus)","author":"Fadel C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fadel C, \u0141ebkowska-Wieruszewska B, Zizzadoro C, Lisowski A, Poapolathep A, Giorgi M. Pharmacokinetics of robenacoxib following single intravenous, subcutaneous and oral administrations in Baladi goats (Capra hircus). J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2023;46(6):385\u2013392. doi:10.1111\/jvp.13396"},{"issue":"6","key":"B21","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"550","article-title":"Robenacoxib pharmacokinetics in sheep following oral, subcutaneous, and intravenous administration","author":"Fadel C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fadel C, \u0141ebkowska-Wieruszewska B, Sartini I, Lisowski A, Poapolathep A, Giorgi M. Robenacoxib pharmacokinetics in sheep following oral, subcutaneous, and intravenous administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2022;45(6):550\u2013557. doi:10.1111\/jvp.13089"},{"issue":"1","key":"B22","series-title":"J Avian Med Surg","first-page":"14","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of a single dose of oral and subcutaneous meloxicam in Caribbean flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber)","author":"Lindemann DM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lindemann DM, Carpenter JW, KuKanich B. Pharmacokinetics of a single dose of oral and subcutaneous meloxicam in Caribbean flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber). J Avian Med Surg. 2016;30(1):14\u201322. doi:10.1647\/2014-065"},{"issue":"3","key":"B23","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"267","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam after intramuscular and oral administration of a single dose to American flamingos (Phoenicopertus ruber)","author":"Boonstra JL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boonstra JL, Cox SK, Martin-Jimenez T. Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam after intramuscular and oral administration of a single dose to American flamingos (Phoenicopertus ruber). Am J Vet Res. 2017;78(3):267\u2013273. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.78.3.267"},{"issue":"1","key":"B24","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","first-page":"53","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of oral mavacoxib in Caribbean flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber)","author":"Huckins GL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huckins GL, Carpenter JW, Dias S, KuKanich B. Pharmacokinetics of oral mavacoxib in Caribbean flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2020;51(1):53. doi:10.1638\/2019-0161"},{"issue":"5","key":"B25","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"298","article-title":"Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: a review","author":"Curry SL","year":"2005","unstructured":"Curry SL, Cogar SM, Cook JL. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: a review. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2005;41(5):298\u2013309. doi:10.5326\/0410298"},{"issue":"1","key":"B26","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"19","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic modelling of robenacoxib in a feline tissue cage model of inflammation","author":"Pelligand L","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pelligand L, King JN, Toutain PL, Elliott J, Lees P. Pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic modelling of robenacoxib in a feline tissue cage model of inflammation. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2012;35(1):19\u201332. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2011.01288.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"B27","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"298","article-title":"Robenacoxib in the dog: target species safety in relation to extent and duration of inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2","author":"King JN","year":"2011","unstructured":"King JN, Arnaud JP, Goldenthal EI, et al. Robenacoxib in the dog: target species safety in relation to extent and duration of inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34(3):298\u2013311. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2010.01209"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/3\/ajvr.25.07.0278.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/3\/ajvr.25.07.0278.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/3\/ajvr.25.07.0278.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T13:40:34Z","timestamp":1772458834000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/3\/ajvr.25.07.0278.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.25.07.0278","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]}}}