{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T22:46:56Z","timestamp":1775083616006,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To evaluate the thermal antinociceptive effects of methadone after IM administration to orange-winged Amazon parrots (\n                      <jats:italic>Amazona amazonica<\/jats:italic>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>8 Amazon parrots received IM methadone hydrochloride (1, 3, and 6 mg\/kg) and saline (0.9% NaCl) solution in a masked randomized, within-subjects, balanced complete crossover experimental design. The thermal foot withdrawal threshold (TFWT) was determined 5 minutes before (baseline) and 0.5, 1.5, 3, and 6 hours after treatment administration. Agitation-sedation scores and other adverse effects were evaluated in the test box at each time point before each TFWT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Methadone at 6 mg\/kg significantly increased TFWT when compared with control by an average of 1.9 \u00b1 0.5\u2009\u00b0C accounting for baseline values. Methadone also caused agitation for 1, 3, and 6 mg\/kg at 0.5 to 1.5 hours compared to control and increased nausea-like behavior (opening the beak and moving the tongue back and forth) for all doses up to 3 hours posttreatment compared to control. Although ataxia was not significant overall, some birds showed ataxia at 0.5 and 1.5 hours following administration of 6 mg\/kg.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Methadone administered IM to orange-winged Amazon parrots at 6 mg\/kg significantly increased TFWT and appears to have a rapid onset and relatively short duration. Agitation and nausea-like behavior were also observed at lower doses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The benefit of rapid onset, potent analgesic effect, and added mechanisms of action to the opioid-mediated analgesia make methadone an added choice for clinical use in this species. However, these doses caused neuroexcitation with agitation and nausea-like behavior, which should be considered in clinical use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.08.0280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T17:32:40Z","timestamp":1769189560000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of thermal antinociceptive effects after intramuscular administration of methadone hydrochloride to orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"David Sanchez-Migallon","family":"Guzman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamie M.","family":"Douglas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Molecular and Integrative Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3612-5548","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hugues","family":"Beaufrere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanne R.","family":"Paul-Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Current Therapy in Avian Medicine and Surgery","first-page":"616","article-title":"Recognition, assessment, and management of pain in birds","author":"Hawkins MG","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hawkins MG, Paul-Murphy J, Sanchez-Migallon Guzman D. 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