{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T22:46:56Z","timestamp":1775083616722,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate sedation in horses following pharmacopuncture with dexmedetomidine at acupoint Governing Vessel 24 (GV-24) compared to aquapuncture at GV-24 or an equivalent dose of dexmedetomidine administered via IV or SC routes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>10 adult mares received 4 treatments in a blinded, randomized, crossover design: (1) dexmedetomidine administered at GV-24 (DexmedGV24; 1 \u03bcg\/kg); (2) saline administered at GV-24 (SalineGV24; 1.5 mL); (3) dexmedetomidine administered SC on the lateral neck (DexmedSC; 1 \u03bcg\/kg); or (4) dexmedetomidine administered IV (DexmedIV; 1 \u03bcg\/kg). Sedation scores (facial sedation scale [FaceSed] and equine sedation scale [EquiSed]), head height above ground, pulse rate, and respiratory rate were collected at baseline and 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes after treatment (T5, T15, T30, T45, T60, and T90). Head height above ground, FaceSed, and EquiSed were compared with a pairwise Wilcoxon signed rank test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were no significant differences in sedation scores between treatment groups at any time points. When compared to baseline, the FaceSed scores were significantly higher at all time points in DexmedGV24 and SalineGV24; at T15, T30, T60, and T90 in DexmedSC; and at T5, T15, T30, T45, and T60 in DexmedIV. The EquiSed scores were significantly higher at T5 and T60 in DexmedGV24; at T30 and T45 in SalineGV24; at T45, T60, and T90 in DexmedSC; and at T5, T15, T30, T45, and T60 in DexmedIV. Head height was significantly lowered at T60 in DexmedGV24 and at T5, T30, T45, and T60 in DexmedIV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pharmacopuncture with dexmedetomidine at GV-24 provided sedation with no significant difference compared to SC administration, IV administration, or aquapuncture at GV-24.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pharmacopuncture with dexmedetomidine or saline aquapuncture at GV-24 is an alternative route for sedation in horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.08.0283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T15:39:22Z","timestamp":1770305962000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pharmacopuncture with low-dose dexmedetomidine and saline aquapuncture at acupoint Governing Vessel 24 provides sedation in healthy adult horses"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Corentin","family":"Faugier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindsey B. C.","family":"Snyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meredith","family":"Hyun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6791-1912","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carrie","family":"Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"B1","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"194","article-title":"A comparison of the sedative effects of three alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists (romifidine, detomidine and xylazine) in the horse","author":"England GCW","year":"1992","unstructured":"England GCW, Clarke KW, Goossens L. A comparison of the sedative effects of three alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists (romifidine, detomidine and xylazine) in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 1992;15(2):194\u2013201."},{"issue":"2","key":"B2","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"157","article-title":"The effects of a loading dose followed by a constant rate infusion of xylazine compared with romifidine on sedation, ataxia, and response to stimuli in horses","author":"Ringer SK","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ringer SK, Portier K, Torgerson PR, Castagno R, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R. The effects of a loading dose followed by a constant rate infusion of xylazine compared with romifidine on sedation, ataxia, and response to stimuli in horses. 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Pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine in anaesthetized horses following repeated subcutaneous administration and intravenous constant rate infusion. BMC Vet Res. 2023;19(1):264."},{"issue":"15","key":"B5","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"402","article-title":"Sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of dexmedetomidine infusions randomly receiving, or not, butorphanol in standing horses","author":"Medeiros LQ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Medeiros LQ, Gozalo-Marcilla M, Taylor PM, et al. Sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of dexmedetomidine infusions randomly receiving, or not, butorphanol in standing horses. Vet Rec. 2017;181(15):402. doi:10.1136\/vr.104359"},{"issue":"1","key":"B6","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"1","article-title":"Development of a xylazine constant rate infusion with or without butorphanol for standing sedation of horses","author":"Ringer SK","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ringer SK, Portier KG, Fourel I, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R. 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