{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T18:20:42Z","timestamp":1770315642814,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n To describe contact forces of 3 pulse oximeter clips and to evaluate, in healthy anesthetized dogs and cats, if perfusion index (PI) or peripheral arterial blood oxygen saturation (SpO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) is influenced by lingual clip location or weight category.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Benchtop investigation of 3 clips occurred in February 2024 to determine contact force with increasing opening distances. In live animals, 1 clip was evaluated at 2 lingual locations. Enrollment of client-owned dogs and cats occurred from March 13, 2024, through June 21, 2024, including 10 each of dogs < 10 kg, dogs > 20 kg, and cats. Data included SpO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n , PI, and magnitude of clip-induced lingual compression.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Clips exhibited a positive relationship between opening distance and mean force generation. Clip location and weight category in dogs influenced SpO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n and PI values. At thicker tongue locations, median SpO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n values in dogs < 10 kg and cats were 5% and 2% greater, respectively, compared to thinner locations. Dogs > 20 kg displayed a median SpO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n value 1% lower at the thicker tongue location compared to the thinner location. Median PI values were lower at the thinner tongue site in dogs and cats.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Pulse oximeter clip opening distance and contact force exhibited a positive relationship. Thicker lingual sites generated higher SpO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n and PI values in cats and dogs < 10 kg.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n \n Pulse oximeter position at 2 different locations on the tongue influence SpO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n and PI values in healthy anesthetized dogs < 10 kg, dogs > 20 kg, and cats.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.08.0285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T13:34:57Z","timestamp":1763127297000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lingual pulse oximeter probe location and weight category influence reported pulse oximeter values in healthy anesthetized dogs and cats"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Kathryn E.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Kapaldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduarda M.","family":"Bortoluzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Rankin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"B1","series-title":"Respir Med","first-page":"789","article-title":"Pulse oximetry: understanding its basic principles facilitates appreciation of its limitations","volume":"107","author":"Chan ED","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chan ED, Chan MM, Chan MM. 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