{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T15:07:26Z","timestamp":1772464046800,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the clinical, cytologic, and radiographic features of inflammatory arthritis associated with blastomycosis in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study included 12 dogs with blastomycosis and cytologic evidence of inflammation in at least 1 joint identified at a tertiary referral center over a 25-year period. Median age of presentation was 5.0 (1.1 to 9.0) years, and 4 of 12 cases were Labrador Retrievers. Musculoskeletal signs were the primary complaint for 10 dogs, while the other 2 presented for respiratory concerns. All dogs were lame upon evaluation, and 10 of 12 had palpable joint swelling. All dogs had evidence of blastomycosis in at least 1 other body system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 25 joint fluid cytologies, interpretations consisted of inflammatory arthritis in 21 joints (12 dogs), degenerative joint disease in 1 joint (1 dog), and unremarkable in 3 joints (2 dogs). The inflammation was categorized as suppurative (17 joints, 11 dogs) or pyogranulomatous (4 joints, 1 dog). Intra-articular\n                      <jats:italic>Blastomyces<\/jats:italic>\n                      organisms were observed in 10 joints (6 dogs). Eight of 9 joints (7 of 8 dogs) imaged had at least 1 radiographic abnormality, including 5 joints with osteolytic lesions. All bony lesions were periarticular. Ten dogs received oral antifungal drugs. Three dogs died within 1 month of evaluation; all 6 dogs with long-term follow-up achieved blastomycosis remission, but 2 required surgical arthrodesis of affected joints.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Not all dogs with blastomycosis-associated arthritis have cytologically detectable organisms in their joint fluid.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Unlike other sampling sites where pyogranulomatous inflammation predominates, suppurative inflammation is most common in the joints.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.10.0354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T13:28:11Z","timestamp":1764854891000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intra-articular organisms are not always cytologically detectable in dogs with blastomycosis-associated inflammatory arthritis"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Amanda","family":"Finn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4312-3225","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amy N.","family":"Schnelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0495-7331","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Audrey","family":"Billhymer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3021-5075","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Reinhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Greene\u2019s Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat","first-page":"987","article-title":"Blastomycosis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mourning AC, Sykes JE. Blastomycosis. In: Sykes JE, ed. Greene\u2019s Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. 5th ed. Saunders; 2023:987\u20131002."},{"issue":"11","key":"B2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1163","article-title":"Canine blastomycosis: a review of 47 clinical cases","volume":"178","author":"Legendre AM","year":"1981","unstructured":"Legendre AM, Walker M, Buyukmihci N, Stevens R. Canine blastomycosis: a review of 47 clinical cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1981;178(11):1163\u20131168. doi:10.2460\/javma.1981.178.11.1163"},{"issue":"5","key":"B3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"658","article-title":"Blastomycosis in dogs: 115 cases (1980\u20131995)","volume":"213","author":"Arceneaux KA","year":"1998","unstructured":"Arceneaux KA, Taboada J, Hosgood G. Blastomycosis in dogs: 115 cases (1980\u20131995). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1998;213(5):658\u2013664. doi:10.2460\/javma.1998.213.05.658"},{"issue":"3","key":"B4","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"440","article-title":"Retrospective comparison of the efficacy of fluconazole or itraconazole for the treatment of systemic blastomycosis in dogs","volume":"25","author":"Mazepa ASW","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mazepa ASW, Trepanier LA, Foy DS. Retrospective comparison of the efficacy of fluconazole or itraconazole for the treatment of systemic blastomycosis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2011;25(3):440\u2013445. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.0710.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"B5","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"365","article-title":"Treatment of blastomycosis with itraconazole in 112 dogs","volume":"10","author":"Legendre AM","year":"1996","unstructured":"Legendre AM, Rohrbach BW, Toal RL, Rinaldi MG, Grace LL, Jones JB. Treatment of blastomycosis with itraconazole in 112 dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 1996;10(6):365\u2013371. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1996.tb02082.x"},{"issue":"3-6","key":"B6","series-title":"Vet Radiol","first-page":"124","article-title":"Osteomyelitis associated with disseminated blastomycosis in nine dogs","volume":"20","author":"Roberts RE","year":"1979","unstructured":"Roberts RE. Osteomyelitis associated with disseminated blastomycosis in nine dogs. Vet Radiol. 1979;20(3-6):124\u2013134. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1979.tb01190.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"B7","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"167","article-title":"Carpal intra-articular blastomycosis in a Labrador retriever","volume":"54","author":"Woods KS","year":"2013","unstructured":"Woods KS, Barry M, Richardson D. Carpal intra-articular blastomycosis in a Labrador retriever. Can Vet J. 2013;54(2):167\u2013170."},{"issue":"5","key":"B8","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"239","article-title":"Patellar blastomycosis in a dog","volume":"45","author":"Oshin A","year":"2009","unstructured":"Oshin A, Griffon D, Lemberger K, Naughton J, Barger A. Patellar blastomycosis in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2009;45(5):239\u2013244. doi:10.5326\/0450239"},{"issue":"11","key":"B9","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1877","article-title":"Chronic localized osteomyelitis caused by atypical infection with Blastomyces dermatitidis in a dog","volume":"209","author":"Marcellin-Little DJ","year":"1996","unstructured":"Marcellin-Little DJ, Sellon RK, Kyles AE, Lemons CL, Kaufman L. Chronic localized osteomyelitis caused by atypical infection with Blastomyces dermatitidis in a dog. 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Scand J Rheumatol. 1995;24(4):248\u2013250. doi:10.3109\/03009749509100883"},{"issue":"4","key":"B14","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"839","article-title":"Antigen and antibody testing for the diagnosis of blastomycosis in dogs","volume":"22","author":"Spector D","year":"2008","unstructured":"Spector D, Legendre AM, Wheat J, et al. Antigen and antibody testing for the diagnosis of blastomycosis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2008;22(4):839\u2013843. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0107.x"},{"key":"B1","series-title":"Greene\u2019s Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat","first-page":"987","article-title":"Blastomycosis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mourning AC, Sykes JE. Blastomycosis. In: Sykes JE, ed. Greene\u2019s Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. 5th ed. Saunders; 2023:987\u20131002."},{"issue":"11","key":"B2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1163","article-title":"Canine blastomycosis: a review of 47 clinical cases","volume":"178","author":"Legendre AM","year":"1981","unstructured":"Legendre AM, Walker M, Buyukmihci N, Stevens R. Canine blastomycosis: a review of 47 clinical cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1981;178(11):1163\u20131168. doi:10.2460\/javma.1981.178.11.1163"},{"issue":"5","key":"B3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"658","article-title":"Blastomycosis in dogs: 115 cases (1980\u20131995)","volume":"213","author":"Arceneaux KA","year":"1998","unstructured":"Arceneaux KA, Taboada J, Hosgood G. Blastomycosis in dogs: 115 cases (1980\u20131995). 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Can Vet J. 2013;54(2):167\u2013170."},{"issue":"5","key":"B8","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"239","article-title":"Patellar blastomycosis in a dog","volume":"45","author":"Oshin A","year":"2009","unstructured":"Oshin A, Griffon D, Lemberger K, Naughton J, Barger A. Patellar blastomycosis in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2009;45(5):239\u2013244. doi:10.5326\/0450239"},{"issue":"11","key":"B9","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1877","article-title":"Chronic localized osteomyelitis caused by atypical infection with Blastomyces dermatitidis in a dog","volume":"209","author":"Marcellin-Little DJ","year":"1996","unstructured":"Marcellin-Little DJ, Sellon RK, Kyles AE, Lemons CL, Kaufman L. Chronic localized osteomyelitis caused by atypical infection with Blastomyces dermatitidis in a dog. 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