{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T13:13:05Z","timestamp":1780060385037,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p content-type=\"noindent\">\n                      To evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity of real-time PCR to detect\n                      <jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp DNA from oropharyngeal, nasal cavity, and conjunctival swab samples in dogs with pulmonary coccidioidomycosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p content-type=\"noindent\">\n                      This was a prospective cohort study of client-owned dogs with newly diagnosed pulmonary coccidioidomycosis from January 2024 to October 2024. Sterile cotton swabs were gently rubbed within the nasal cavity and against the mucosa of the oropharynx and conjunctiva during the initial investigation for respiratory tract signs. Swabs were tested for\n                      <jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp,\n                      <jats:italic>Blastomyces<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp,\n                      <jats:italic>Histoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp,\n                      <jats:italic>Pneumocystis jirovecii<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Pneumocystis canis<\/jats:italic>\n                      DNA by multiplex quantitative PCR. Antibody serology assays (ie, agar gel immunodiffusion and enzyme immunoassay) were performed at a single reference diagnostic laboratory.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p content-type=\"noindent\">\n                      24 dogs were included. Seventy-two PCR tests (nasal cavity, n = 24; oropharyngeal, 24; and conjunctival, 24) were performed, and none of the tests positively detected\n                      <jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp DNA. Forty-six percent (11 of 24) and 71% (17 of 24) of dogs had positive detection of anti-\n                      <jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp immunoglobulin M and G antibodies with agar gel immunodiffusion, respectively. Seventy-nine percent (19 of 24) of dogs had positive detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies with enzyme immunoassay. Respiratory tract signs improved (50%; n = 12) or completely resolved (42%; 10) after approximately 3 months of PO fluconazole administration.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p content-type=\"noindent\">\n                      <jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp DNA was not detected in any swab sample from the upper respiratory tract.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p content-type=\"noindent\">\n                      Quantitative PCR to detect\n                      <jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp DNA from the nasal cavity, oropharynx, and conjunctiva using sterile cotton swabs provides no added diagnostic value in dogs with pulmonary coccidioidomycosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.10.0356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T13:53:15Z","timestamp":1771595595000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Polymerase chain reaction may not be useful to detect Coccidioides spp DNA in oropharyngeal, nasal, or conjunctival swab samples in dogs with newly diagnosed pulmonary coccidioidomycosis"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Kathia Feliciano","family":"Nieves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Specialty Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Glendale, AZ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared A.","family":"Jaffey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Specialty Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Glendale, AZ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric T.","family":"Hostnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Hanzlicek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MiraVista Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corey","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MiraVista Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Frankenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MiraVista Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"B1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc.","first-page":"1846","article-title":"Incidence of Coccidioides infection among dogs residing in a region in which the organism is endemic","volume":"226","author":"Shubitz LE","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shubitz LE, Butkiewicz CD, Dial SM, Lindan CP. Incidence of Coccidioides infection among dogs residing in a region in which the organism is endemic. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005;226(11):1846\u20131850. doi:10.2460\/javma.2005.226.1846"},{"key":"B2","series-title":"Med Mycol.","first-page":"S67","article-title":"Selected clinical features of coccidioidomycosis in dogs","volume":"57","author":"Davidson AP","year":"2019","unstructured":"Davidson AP, Shubitz LF, Alcott CJ, Sykes JE. Selected clinical features of coccidioidomycosis in dogs. Med Mycol. 2019;57(supplement_1):S67\u2013S75. doi:10.1093\/mmy\/myy113"},{"issue":"11","key":"B3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc.","first-page":"1","article-title":"Temporal tracheobronchial lymphadenopathy resolution is affected by initial severity and poorly correlated to serologic antibody testing in dogs with pulmonary coccidioidomycosis","volume":"261","author":"Urion R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Urion R, Jaffey JA, Hostnik ET, Hanzlicek AS, Moore GE. Temporal tracheobronchial lymphadenopathy resolution is affected by initial severity and poorly correlated to serologic antibody testing in dogs with pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2023;261(11):1\u20137. doi:10.2460\/javma.23.04.0220"},{"issue":"1","key":"B4","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med.","first-page":"150","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in dogs with coccidioidomycosis and variables associated with extent of clinically evident disease","volume":"37","author":"Jaffey JA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jaffey JA, Kreisler R, Shubitz LF, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in dogs with coccidioidomycosis and variables associated with extent of clinically evident disease. 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