{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T05:51:28Z","timestamp":1791697888345,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the diagnostic performance of a post-\/pre\u2013thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) plasma ACTH ratio for the diagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) in horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a prospective, case-controlled study conducted monthly from January through December 2018 on 21 horses with PPID and 63 control horses. The ratios were calculated by dividing the plasma ACTH concentration obtained 30 minutes after IV injection of TRH by the pre-TRH plasma ACTH concentration. The effect of PPID and month were assessed using a linear mixed-effect model, and the diagnostic performance of the ratio, including accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, was assessed via receiver operating characteristic curves. Diagnostic cutoff values were calculated via the Youden index when relevant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both PPID status and month had a significant effect on post-\/pre-TRH plasma ACTH ratio, with higher ratios in horses with PPID in 7 of 12 months. The diagnostic performance of the post-\/pre-TRH plasma ACTH ratio varied by month, with accuracies ranging from fair to good but consistently low positive likelihood ratios.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The post-\/pre-TRH ACTH ratio allows evaluation of the pituitary pars intermedia response, validating the use of the TRH stimulation test in the diagnosis of PPID. However, the post-\/pre-TRH plasma ACTH ratio does not improve the diagnostic characteristics of a TRH stimulation test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The TRH stimulation test is recommended for evaluation of the pars intermedia of the equine pituitary gland in the context of diagnosing PPID, but the use of the post-\/pre-TRH plasma ACTH ratio does not provide superior performance over the post-TRH ACTH concentration alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.10.0359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T16:34:32Z","timestamp":1767112472000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The ACTH ratio validates the thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test to diagnose pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction but does not enhance performance"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4647-7515","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jenni R. E.","family":"Auvinen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5731-8996","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emma D.","family":"Stapley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2820-8431","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois-Ren\u00e9","family":"Bertin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"B1","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"74","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors and clinical signs predictive for equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in aged horses","author":"Mcgowan TW","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mcgowan TW, Pinchbeck GP, Mcgowan CM. Prevalence, risk factors and clinical signs predictive for equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in aged horses. Equine Vet J. 2013;45(1):74\u201379. doi:10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00578.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"B2","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"390","article-title":"What\u2019s new in old horses? Postmortem diagnoses in mature and aged equids","author":"Miller MA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miller MA, Moore GE, Bertin FR, Kritchevsky JE. What\u2019s new in old horses? Postmortem diagnoses in mature and aged equids. Vet Pathol. 2016;53(2):390\u2013398. doi:10.1177\/0300985815608674"},{"issue":"2","key":"B3","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"220","article-title":"BEVA primary care clinical guidelines: diagnosis and management of equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction","author":"Menzies-Gow NJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Menzies-Gow NJ, Banse HE, Duff A, et al. BEVA primary care clinical guidelines: diagnosis and management of equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Equine Vet J. 2024;56(2):220\u2013242. doi:10.1111\/evj.14009"},{"key":"B4","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"22","article-title":"Epidemiology of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: a systematic literature review of clinical presentation, disease prevalence and risk factors","author":"Ireland JL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ireland JL, McGowan CM. Epidemiology of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: a systematic literature review of clinical presentation, disease prevalence and risk factors. Vet J. 2018;235:22\u201333. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.03.002"},{"key":"B5","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"105995","article-title":"Investigation of breed differences in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations among healthy horses and ponies","author":"Bamford NJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bamford NJ, Stewart AJ, El-Hage CM, Bertin FR, Bailey SR. Investigation of breed differences in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations among healthy horses and ponies. Vet J. 2023;296\u2013297:105995. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2023.105995"},{"issue":"1","key":"B6","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"560","article-title":"Clinical implications of using adrenocorticotropic hormone diagnostic cutoffs or reference intervals to diagnose pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in mature horses","author":"Horn R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Horn R, Stewart AJ, Jackson KV, Dryburgh EL, Medina-Torres CE, Bertin FR. Clinical implications of using adrenocorticotropic hormone diagnostic cutoffs or reference intervals to diagnose pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in mature horses. J Vet Intern Med. 2021;35(1):560\u2013570. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16017"},{"issue":"4","key":"B7","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"440","article-title":"Circannual variation in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations in the UK in normal horses and ponies, and those with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction","author":"Copas VEN","year":"2012","unstructured":"Copas VEN, Durham AE. Circannual variation in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations in the UK in normal horses and ponies, and those with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Equine Vet J. 2012;44(4):440\u2013443. doi:10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2011.00444.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"B8","series-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol","first-page":"317","article-title":"Circadian and circannual rhythms of cortisol, ACTH, and \u03b1-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in healthy horses","author":"Cordero M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cordero M, Brorsen BW, McFarlane D. Circadian and circannual rhythms of cortisol, ACTH, and \u03b1-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in healthy horses. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2012;43(4):317\u2013324. doi:10.1016\/j.domaniend.2012.05.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"B9","series-title":"Endocrinology","first-page":"65","article-title":"The effect of acute exercise on the secretion of corticotropin-releasing factor, arginine vasopressin, and adrenocorticotropin as measured in pituitary venous blood from the horse","author":"Alexander SL","year":"1991","unstructured":"Alexander SL, Irvine CHG, Ellis MJ, Donald RA. The effect of acute exercise on the secretion of corticotropin-releasing factor, arginine vasopressin, and adrenocorticotropin as measured in pituitary venous blood from the horse. Endocrinology. 1991;128(1):65\u201372. doi:10.1210\/endo-128-1-65"},{"key":"B10","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"106035","article-title":"Evaluation of seasonal influences on adrenocorticotropic hormone response to the thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test and its accuracy for diagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction","author":"Adams AA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Adams AA, Siard-Altman MH, Reedy SE, et al. Evaluation of seasonal influences on adrenocorticotropic hormone response to the thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test and its accuracy for diagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Vet J. 2023;300\u2013302:106035. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2023.106035"},{"key":"B11","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"106036","article-title":"Diagnosis of equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction","author":"Stewart AJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stewart AJ, Ireland JL, Durham AE, McGowan CM. Diagnosis of equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Vet J. 2023;300\u2013302:106036. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2023.106036"},{"issue":"2","key":"B12","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"250","article-title":"Clinically and temporally specific diagnostic thresholds for plasma ACTH in the horse","author":"Durham AE","year":"2021","unstructured":"Durham AE, Clarke BR, Potier JFN, Hammarstrand R, Malone GL. Clinically and temporally specific diagnostic thresholds for plasma ACTH in the horse. Equine Vet J. 2021;53(2):250\u2013260. doi:10.1111\/evj.13292"},{"key":"B13","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"105857","article-title":"The effect of month and breed on plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations in equids","author":"Durham AE","year":"2022","unstructured":"Durham AE, Potier JF, Huber L. The effect of month and breed on plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations in equids. Vet J. 2022;286:105857. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2022.105857"},{"issue":"11","key":"B14","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1380","article-title":"Seasonal elevation in equine adrenocorticotropic hormone occurs throughout the contiguous United States and is influenced by latitude and age","author":"Pinn-Woodcock TL","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pinn-Woodcock TL, Llanos-Soto SG, Ivanek R, et al. Seasonal elevation in equine adrenocorticotropic hormone occurs throughout the contiguous United States and is influenced by latitude and age. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2025;263(11):1380\u20131389. doi:10.2460\/javma.25.04.0223"},{"issue":"3","key":"B15","series-title":"Endocrinology","first-page":"941","article-title":"Proopiolipomelanocortin peptides in normal pituitary, pituitary tumor, and plasma of normal and Cushing\u2019s horses","author":"Wilson MG","year":"1982","unstructured":"Wilson MG, Nicholson WE, Holscher MA, Sherrell BJ, Mount CD, Orth DN. Proopiolipomelanocortin peptides in normal pituitary, pituitary tumor, and plasma of normal and Cushing\u2019s horses. Endocrinology. 1982;110(3):941\u2013954. doi:10.1210\/endo-110-3-941"},{"issue":"4","key":"B16","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"627","article-title":"Diagnostic testing for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses","author":"Dybdal NO","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dybdal NO, Hargreaves K, Madigan JE, Gribble DH, Kennedy PC, Stabenfeldt GH. Diagnostic testing for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1994;204(4):627\u2013632. doi:10.2460\/javma.1994.204.04.627"},{"issue":"4","key":"B17","series-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol","first-page":"276","article-title":"Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone release in response to thyrotropin releasing hormone in healthy horses, horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction and equine pars intermedia explants","author":"McFarlane D","year":"2006","unstructured":"McFarlane D, Beech J, Cribb A. Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone release in response to thyrotropin releasing hormone in healthy horses, horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction and equine pars intermedia explants. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2006;30(4):276\u2013288. doi:10.1016\/j.domaniend.2005.07.005"},{"issue":"11","key":"B18","series-title":"Equine Vet Educ","first-page":"592","article-title":"Pathophysiology and clinical features of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction","author":"McFarlane D","year":"2014","unstructured":"McFarlane D. Pathophysiology and clinical features of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Equine Vet Educ. 2014;26(11):592\u2013598. doi:10.1111\/eve.12237"},{"key":"B19","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","first-page":"427","article-title":"Correlation of pituitary histomorphometry with dopamine and dopamine D2 receptor expression in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction","author":"Huang L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang L, Palmieri C, Bertin FR. Correlation of pituitary histomorphometry with dopamine and dopamine D2 receptor expression in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Res Vet Sci. 2022;152:427\u2013433. doi:10.1016\/j.rvsc.2022.08.018"},{"issue":"1","key":"B20","series-title":"Vet Clin Equine Pract","first-page":"93","article-title":"Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction","author":"McFarlane D","year":"2011","unstructured":"McFarlane D. Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Vet Clin Equine Pract. 2011;27(1):93\u2013113. doi:10.1016\/j.cveq.2010.12.007"},{"issue":"6","key":"B21","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1431","article-title":"Comparison of cortisol and ACTH responses after administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone in normal horses and those with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction","author":"Beech J","year":"2011","unstructured":"Beech J, Boston R, Lindborg S. Comparison of cortisol and ACTH responses after administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone in normal horses and those with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. J Vet Intern Med. 2011;25(6):1431\u20131438. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.00810.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"B22","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pr","first-page":"115","article-title":"Disorders of the equine thyroid gland","author":"Breuhaus BA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Breuhaus BA. Disorders of the equine thyroid gland. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pr. 2011;27(1):115\u2013128. doi:10.1016\/j.cveq.2010.12.002"},{"issue":"2","key":"B23","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"249","article-title":"Effect of age and dietary carbohydrate profiles on glucose and insulin dynamics in horses","author":"Jacob SI","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jacob SI, Geor RJ, Weber PSD, Harris PA, McCue ME. Effect of age and dietary carbohydrate profiles on glucose and insulin dynamics in horses. Equine Vet J. 2018;50(2):249\u2013254. doi:10.1111\/evj.12745"},{"issue":"3","key":"B24","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"417","article-title":"Adrenocorticotropin concentration following administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in healthy horses and those with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction and pituitary gland hyperplasia","author":"Beech J","year":"2007","unstructured":"Beech J, Boston R, Lindborg S, Russell GE. Adrenocorticotropin concentration following administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in healthy horses and those with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction and pituitary gland hyperplasia. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2007;231(3):417\u2013426. doi:10.2460\/javma.231.3.417"},{"issue":"2","key":"B25","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"291","article-title":"Clinical implications of imprecise sampling time for 10- and 30-min thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation tests in horses","author":"Vorster DM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vorster DM, Wang W, Kemp KL, Bamford NJ, Bertin FR. Clinical implications of imprecise sampling time for 10- and 30-min thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation tests in horses. Equine Vet J. 2024;56(2):291\u2013298. doi:10.1111\/evj.13991"},{"issue":"1","key":"B1","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"74","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors and clinical signs predictive for equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in aged horses","author":"Mcgowan TW","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mcgowan TW, Pinchbeck GP, Mcgowan CM. Prevalence, risk factors and clinical signs predictive for equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in aged horses. Equine Vet J. 2013;45(1):74\u201379. doi:10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00578.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"B2","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"390","article-title":"What\u2019s new in old horses? Postmortem diagnoses in mature and aged equids","author":"Miller MA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miller MA, Moore GE, Bertin FR, Kritchevsky JE. What\u2019s new in old horses? Postmortem diagnoses in mature and aged equids. Vet Pathol. 2016;53(2):390\u2013398. doi:10.1177\/0300985815608674"},{"issue":"2","key":"B3","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"220","article-title":"BEVA primary care clinical guidelines: diagnosis and management of equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction","author":"Menzies-Gow NJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Menzies-Gow NJ, Banse HE, Duff A, et al. BEVA primary care clinical guidelines: diagnosis and management of equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Equine Vet J. 2024;56(2):220\u2013242. doi:10.1111\/evj.14009"},{"key":"B4","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"22","article-title":"Epidemiology of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: a systematic literature review of clinical presentation, disease prevalence and risk factors","author":"Ireland JL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ireland JL, McGowan CM. Epidemiology of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: a systematic literature review of clinical presentation, disease prevalence and risk factors. Vet J. 2018;235:22\u201333. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.03.002"},{"key":"B5","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"105995","article-title":"Investigation of breed differences in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations among healthy horses and ponies","author":"Bamford NJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bamford NJ, Stewart AJ, El-Hage CM, Bertin FR, Bailey SR. Investigation of breed differences in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations among healthy horses and ponies. Vet J. 2023;296\u2013297:105995. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2023.105995"},{"issue":"1","key":"B6","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"560","article-title":"Clinical implications of using adrenocorticotropic hormone diagnostic cutoffs or reference intervals to diagnose pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in mature horses","author":"Horn R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Horn R, Stewart AJ, Jackson KV, Dryburgh EL, Medina-Torres CE, Bertin FR. Clinical implications of using adrenocorticotropic hormone diagnostic cutoffs or reference intervals to diagnose pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in mature horses. J Vet Intern Med. 2021;35(1):560\u2013570. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16017"},{"issue":"4","key":"B7","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"440","article-title":"Circannual variation in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations in the UK in normal horses and ponies, and those with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction","author":"Copas VEN","year":"2012","unstructured":"Copas VEN, Durham AE. Circannual variation in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations in the UK in normal horses and ponies, and those with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Equine Vet J. 2012;44(4):440\u2013443. doi:10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2011.00444.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"B8","series-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol","first-page":"317","article-title":"Circadian and circannual rhythms of cortisol, ACTH, and \u03b1-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in healthy horses","author":"Cordero M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cordero M, Brorsen BW, McFarlane D. Circadian and circannual rhythms of cortisol, ACTH, and \u03b1-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in healthy horses. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2012;43(4):317\u2013324. doi:10.1016\/j.domaniend.2012.05.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"B9","series-title":"Endocrinology","first-page":"65","article-title":"The effect of acute exercise on the secretion of corticotropin-releasing factor, arginine vasopressin, and adrenocorticotropin as measured in pituitary venous blood from the horse","author":"Alexander SL","year":"1991","unstructured":"Alexander SL, Irvine CHG, Ellis MJ, Donald RA. The effect of acute exercise on the secretion of corticotropin-releasing factor, arginine vasopressin, and adrenocorticotropin as measured in pituitary venous blood from the horse. Endocrinology. 1991;128(1):65\u201372. doi:10.1210\/endo-128-1-65"},{"key":"B10","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"106035","article-title":"Evaluation of seasonal influences on adrenocorticotropic hormone response to the thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test and its accuracy for diagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction","author":"Adams AA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Adams AA, Siard-Altman MH, Reedy SE, et al. Evaluation of seasonal influences on adrenocorticotropic hormone response to the thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test and its accuracy for diagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Vet J. 2023;300\u2013302:106035. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2023.106035"},{"key":"B11","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"106036","article-title":"Diagnosis of equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction","author":"Stewart AJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stewart AJ, Ireland JL, Durham AE, McGowan CM. Diagnosis of equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Vet J. 2023;300\u2013302:106036. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2023.106036"},{"issue":"2","key":"B12","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"250","article-title":"Clinically and temporally specific diagnostic thresholds for plasma ACTH in the horse","author":"Durham AE","year":"2021","unstructured":"Durham AE, Clarke BR, Potier JFN, Hammarstrand R, Malone GL. Clinically and temporally specific diagnostic thresholds for plasma ACTH in the horse. Equine Vet J. 2021;53(2):250\u2013260. doi:10.1111\/evj.13292"},{"key":"B13","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"105857","article-title":"The effect of month and breed on plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations in equids","author":"Durham AE","year":"2022","unstructured":"Durham AE, Potier JF, Huber L. The effect of month and breed on plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations in equids. Vet J. 2022;286:105857. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2022.105857"},{"issue":"11","key":"B14","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1380","article-title":"Seasonal elevation in equine adrenocorticotropic hormone occurs throughout the contiguous United States and is influenced by latitude and age","author":"Pinn-Woodcock TL","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pinn-Woodcock TL, Llanos-Soto SG, Ivanek R, et al. Seasonal elevation in equine adrenocorticotropic hormone occurs throughout the contiguous United States and is influenced by latitude and age. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2025;263(11):1380\u20131389. doi:10.2460\/javma.25.04.0223"},{"issue":"3","key":"B15","series-title":"Endocrinology","first-page":"941","article-title":"Proopiolipomelanocortin peptides in normal pituitary, pituitary tumor, and plasma of normal and Cushing\u2019s horses","author":"Wilson MG","year":"1982","unstructured":"Wilson MG, Nicholson WE, Holscher MA, Sherrell BJ, Mount CD, Orth DN. Proopiolipomelanocortin peptides in normal pituitary, pituitary tumor, and plasma of normal and Cushing\u2019s horses. Endocrinology. 1982;110(3):941\u2013954. doi:10.1210\/endo-110-3-941"},{"issue":"4","key":"B16","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"627","article-title":"Diagnostic testing for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses","author":"Dybdal NO","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dybdal NO, Hargreaves K, Madigan JE, Gribble DH, Kennedy PC, Stabenfeldt GH. Diagnostic testing for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1994;204(4):627\u2013632. doi:10.2460\/javma.1994.204.04.627"},{"issue":"4","key":"B17","series-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol","first-page":"276","article-title":"Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone release in response to thyrotropin releasing hormone in healthy horses, horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction and equine pars intermedia explants","author":"McFarlane D","year":"2006","unstructured":"McFarlane D, Beech J, Cribb A. Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone release in response to thyrotropin releasing hormone in healthy horses, horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction and equine pars intermedia explants. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2006;30(4):276\u2013288. doi:10.1016\/j.domaniend.2005.07.005"},{"issue":"11","key":"B18","series-title":"Equine Vet Educ","first-page":"592","article-title":"Pathophysiology and clinical features of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction","author":"McFarlane D","year":"2014","unstructured":"McFarlane D. Pathophysiology and clinical features of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Equine Vet Educ. 2014;26(11):592\u2013598. doi:10.1111\/eve.12237"},{"key":"B19","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","first-page":"427","article-title":"Correlation of pituitary histomorphometry with dopamine and dopamine D2 receptor expression in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction","author":"Huang L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang L, Palmieri C, Bertin FR. Correlation of pituitary histomorphometry with dopamine and dopamine D2 receptor expression in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Res Vet Sci. 2022;152:427\u2013433. doi:10.1016\/j.rvsc.2022.08.018"},{"issue":"1","key":"B20","series-title":"Vet Clin Equine Pract","first-page":"93","article-title":"Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction","author":"McFarlane D","year":"2011","unstructured":"McFarlane D. Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Vet Clin Equine Pract. 2011;27(1):93\u2013113. doi:10.1016\/j.cveq.2010.12.007"},{"issue":"6","key":"B21","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1431","article-title":"Comparison of cortisol and ACTH responses after administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone in normal horses and those with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction","author":"Beech J","year":"2011","unstructured":"Beech J, Boston R, Lindborg S. Comparison of cortisol and ACTH responses after administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone in normal horses and those with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. J Vet Intern Med. 2011;25(6):1431\u20131438. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.00810.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"B22","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pr","first-page":"115","article-title":"Disorders of the equine thyroid gland","author":"Breuhaus BA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Breuhaus BA. Disorders of the equine thyroid gland. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pr. 2011;27(1):115\u2013128. doi:10.1016\/j.cveq.2010.12.002"},{"issue":"2","key":"B23","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"249","article-title":"Effect of age and dietary carbohydrate profiles on glucose and insulin dynamics in horses","author":"Jacob SI","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jacob SI, Geor RJ, Weber PSD, Harris PA, McCue ME. Effect of age and dietary carbohydrate profiles on glucose and insulin dynamics in horses. Equine Vet J. 2018;50(2):249\u2013254. doi:10.1111\/evj.12745"},{"issue":"3","key":"B24","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"417","article-title":"Adrenocorticotropin concentration following administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in healthy horses and those with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction and pituitary gland hyperplasia","author":"Beech J","year":"2007","unstructured":"Beech J, Boston R, Lindborg S, Russell GE. Adrenocorticotropin concentration following administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in healthy horses and those with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction and pituitary gland hyperplasia. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2007;231(3):417\u2013426. doi:10.2460\/javma.231.3.417"},{"issue":"2","key":"B25","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"291","article-title":"Clinical implications of imprecise sampling time for 10- and 30-min thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation tests in horses","author":"Vorster DM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vorster DM, Wang W, Kemp KL, Bamford NJ, Bertin FR. Clinical implications of imprecise sampling time for 10- and 30-min thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation tests in horses. Equine Vet J. 2024;56(2):291\u2013298. doi:10.1111\/evj.13991"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/4\/ajvr.25.10.0359.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/4\/ajvr.25.10.0359.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/4\/ajvr.25.10.0359.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T21:18:45Z","timestamp":1775078325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/4\/ajvr.25.10.0359.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.25.10.0359","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}}}