{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:39:17Z","timestamp":1777509557639,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the relationship between goniometric stifle range of motion (gROM), active stifle range of motion (aROM), and stifle osteoarthritis (sOA) in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease (CCLD) and to assess the association between gROM and aROM in CCL-affected and control dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Dogs weighing 20 to 40 kg with CCLD before surgery (CCL-Dogs) and orthopedically healthy controls (C-Dogs) were enrolled between August 1, 2020, and August 1, 2021. Objective gait analysis was performed on a treadmill using a 2-D marker-based system. Goniometric stifle extension (gSE) and goniometric stifle flexion (gSF) were measured 3 times by 3 observers. sOA was scored on a scale from 1 (none) to 4 (severe). Spearman rank correlation (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) described associations between sOA, gROM, and aROM.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      15 CCL-Dogs and 10 C-Dogs were included. These preliminary data demonstrated that in CCL-Dogs, gROM (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u20130.644) and gSE (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u20130.751) showed significant correlations with sOA. No significant correlations were found between sOA and active stifle flexion (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u20130.160), active stifle extension (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u20130.138), aROM (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.036), or gSF (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.198). No significant correlation was observed between aROM and gROM in either CCL-Dogs (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u20130.346) or C-Dogs (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u20130.127).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In C-Dogs and CCL-Dogs, aROM and gROM are not associated. In CCL-Dogs, sOA is associated with reduced gROM and gSE, indicating that gROM rather than aROM reflects joint impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Goniometric measurement of stifle extension may serve as a practical indicator of osteoarthritic severity and functional limitation in dogs with CCLD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.11.0387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T16:34:32Z","timestamp":1767112472000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Stifle osteoarthritis reduces goniometric but not active range of motion in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0921-1707","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Frederik","family":"Volz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinic, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes Maximilian","family":"Schmutterer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frontier Kleintierspezialisten, Hergolding, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne Katja","family":"Lauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinic, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"B1","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"85","article-title":"Slower, shorter, sadder: a qualitative study exploring how dog walks change when the canine participant develops osteoarthritis","author":"Belshaw Z","year":"2020","unstructured":"Belshaw Z, Dean R, Asher L. 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