{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T22:47:06Z","timestamp":1775083626324,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n To characterize age-related trajectories of the relative concentrations of anti\u2013virulence-associated protein A (VapA) immunoglobulin (Ig)-G\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n , IgG\n 3\/5<\/jats:sub>\n , IgG\n 4\/7<\/jats:sub>\n , and IgA in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) as indicators of systemic and intrapulmonary immune responses in foals naturally exposed to\n Rhodococcus equi<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Blood and BALF samples were collected at ages 4, 14, 28, and 56 days from healthy Quarter Horse foals (n = 19) naturally exposed to\n R equi<\/jats:italic>\n . Samples were tested via ELISA for relative concentration of IgG\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n , IgG\n 3\/5<\/jats:sub>\n , IgG\n 4\/7<\/jats:sub>\n , and IgA recognizing the VapA of\n R equi<\/jats:italic>\n . Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects modeling to compare VapA ELISA results by age for IgG subisotypes and IgA.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Serum relative concentrations of VapA-specific IgG\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n , IgG\n 3\/5<\/jats:sub>\n , IgG\n 4\/7<\/jats:sub>\n , and IgA of 19 foals did not differ significantly during the first 28 days of age but increased nearly 10-fold by age 56 days. Similarly, BALF relative concentrations of VapA-specific IgG\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n , IgG\n 3\/5<\/jats:sub>\n , and IgG\n 4\/7<\/jats:sub>\n in these foals did not differ significantly during the first 28 days of age but increased by about 10-fold by age 56 days. In contrast, BALF relative concentrations of VapA-specific IgA increased progressively with age.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Natural exposure results in progressive increase in BALF concentration of IgA but not IgGs, indicating intrapulmonary IgA response to virulent\n R equi<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n \n Foals do not mount strong antibody responses to\n R equi<\/jats:italic>\n when they are most vulnerable to infection. Further investigation is warranted to determine if increasing intrapulmonary antirhodococcal IgA is a correlate of protective immunity or merely a marker of exposure.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.11.0402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T14:33:51Z","timestamp":1769524431000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The trajectories of relative concentrations of antirhodococcal immunoglobulin A differ from those of immunoglobulin G subisotypes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid but not serum of foals"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Alexandra A.","family":"Aucoin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Zhidkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca M.","family":"Legere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karin E. R.","family":"Borba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerstin K.","family":"Landrock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren E.","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jocelyne M.","family":"Bray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela I.","family":"Bordin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0384-2903","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Noah D.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"B1","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"481","article-title":"Rhodococcus equi foal pneumonia: update on epidemiology, immunity, treatment and prevention","author":"Bordin AI","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bordin AI, Huber L, Sanz MG, Cohen ND. 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