{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T22:47:07Z","timestamp":1775083627797,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To establish an ultrasound protocol for identifying the muscular structures of the ventromedial hip region that contribute to coxofemoral joint stability, with comparative MRI and gross anatomic dissection confirmation of accurate structure identification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High-frequency B-mode ultrasonography and 3-Tesla MRI were utilized to bilaterally investigate the muscular anatomy of the ventromedial hip region in 5 normal adult canine pelvis cadaver specimens (n = 10) from September 1, 2024, through August 30, 2025. Ultrasonographic and MRI appearance and anatomic relationships of the evaluated structures were documented and assessed for consistency. Structure identification was confirmed through ultrasound-guided dye placement (using 2 separate specimens for each evaluated structure) followed by gross anatomical dissection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High-quality ultrasound and MRI images of the pectineus, iliopsoas, adductor longus, adductor magnus et brevis, gracilis, and external obturator muscles were acquired in all specimens. The ultrasonographic approach for evaluating muscles of the ventromedial hip region was documented. Specimen dissection immediately following ultrasound-guided dye injections confirmed accurate identification of all 6 muscles on both attempts, performed separately by 2 clinicians. Structure identification and anatomical descriptions were consistent amongst MRI, ultrasound, and dissection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides foundational knowledge in ultrasound and MRI anatomy of the ventromedial hip region and demonstrates methods for effective ultrasonographic evaluation of this region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings provide a foundation for diagnosing soft tissue injuries in the ventromedial hip region and guiding rehabilitation strategies in dogs with hip disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.11.0404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T12:33:48Z","timestamp":1766579628000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Establishment of an ultrasonographic approach to the muscular structures of the ventromedial hip region with comparative magnetic resonance imaging in the dog"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2396-1694","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amy B.","family":"Todd-Donato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allison V.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5531-1012","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher W.","family":"Frye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"02","key":"B1","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"56","article-title":"Incidence of canine appendicular musculoskeletal disorders in 16 veterinary teaching hospitals from 1980 through 1989","author":"Johnson JA","year":"1994","unstructured":"Johnson JA, Austin C, Breur GJ. Incidence of canine appendicular musculoskeletal disorders in 16 veterinary teaching hospitals from 1980 through 1989. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 1994;07(02):56\u201369. doi:10.1055\/s-0038-1633097"},{"issue":"10","key":"B2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1466","article-title":"Association between pelvic muscle mass and canine hip dysplasia","author":"Cardinet GH","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cardinet GH, Kass PH, Wallace LJ, Guffy MM. Association between pelvic muscle mass and canine hip dysplasia. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1997;210(10):1466\u20131473. doi:10.2460\/javma.1997.210.10.1466"},{"issue":"1","key":"B3","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"425","article-title":"Clinical and diagnostic imaging findings in police working dogs referred for hip osteoarthritis","author":"Alves JC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alves JC, Santos A, Jorge P, Lavrador C, Miguel Carreira L. Clinical and diagnostic imaging findings in police working dogs referred for hip osteoarthritis. BMC Vet Res. 2020;16(1):425. doi:10.1186\/s12917-020-02647-2"},{"issue":"7","key":"B4","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"966","article-title":"Kinematic gait analysis in dogs with hip dysplasia","author":"Bennett RL","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bennett RL, DeCamp CE, Flo GL, Hauptman JG, Stajich M. Kinematic gait analysis in dogs with hip dysplasia. Am J Vet Res. 1996;57(7):966\u2013971. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.1996.57.07.966"},{"issue":"9","key":"B5","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1371","article-title":"Hind limb kinematics during therapeutic exercises in dogs with osteoarthritis of the hip joints","author":"Bockstahler BA","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bockstahler BA, Prickler B, Lewy E, Holler PJ, Vobornik A, Peham C. Hind limb kinematics during therapeutic exercises in dogs with osteoarthritis of the hip joints. Am J Vet Res. 2012;73(9):1371\u20131376. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.73.9.1371"},{"issue":"8","key":"B6","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"974","article-title":"Additional kinematic variables to describe differences in the trot between clinically normal dogs and dogs with hip dysplasia","author":"Poy NSJ","year":"2000","unstructured":"Poy NSJ, DeCamp CE, Bennett RL, Hauptman JG. Additional kinematic variables to describe differences in the trot between clinically normal dogs and dogs with hip dysplasia. Am J Vet Res. 2000;61(8):974\u2013978. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.974"},{"issue":"2","key":"B7","series-title":"J Vet Sci","first-page":"1000313","article-title":"Radiographically breed specific morphology and calcifying tendinopathy in the iliopsoas muscle at the lesser trochanter in Rottweilers, German Shepherd Dogs and Bavarian Mountain Hounds","author":"Willmitzer F","year":"2016","unstructured":"Willmitzer F, Gumpenberger M, Sommerfeld-Stur I, Mayrhofer E. Radiographically breed specific morphology and calcifying tendinopathy in the iliopsoas muscle at the lesser trochanter in Rottweilers, German Shepherd Dogs and Bavarian Mountain Hounds. J Vet Sci. 2016;7(2):1000313. doi:10.4172\/2157-7579.1000313"},{"issue":"6","key":"B8","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1097","article-title":"Changes in pelvic muscle tissues associated with hip dysplasia in dogs","author":"Lust G","year":"1972","unstructured":"Lust G, Craig PH, Geary JC, Ross GE. Changes in pelvic muscle tissues associated with hip dysplasia in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 1972;33(6):1097\u20131108. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.1972.33.06.1097"},{"issue":"6","key":"B9","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"591","article-title":"Canine hip dysplasia: effects of pectineal tenotomy on the coxofemoral joints of German Shepherd Dogs","author":"Cardinet GH","year":"1974","unstructured":"Cardinet GH, Guffy MM, Wallace LJ. Canine hip dysplasia: effects of pectineal tenotomy on the coxofemoral joints of German Shepherd Dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1974;164(6):591\u2013598. doi:10.2460\/javma.1974.164.06.591"},{"issue":"3","key":"B10","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"411","article-title":"Canine hip dysplasia: differences in pectineal muscles of healthy and dysplastic German Shepherd Dogs when two months old","author":"Ihemelandu EC","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ihemelandu EC, Cardinet GH, Guffy MM, Wallace LJ. Canine hip dysplasia: differences in pectineal muscles of healthy and dysplastic German Shepherd Dogs when two months old. Am J Vet Res. 1983;44(3):411\u2013416. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.1983.44.03.411"},{"issue":"1","key":"B11","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"181","article-title":"B-mode ultrasonography and ARFI elastography of articular and peri-articular structures of the hip joint in non-dysplastic and dysplastic dogs as confirmed by radiographic examination","author":"Carneiro RK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Carneiro RK, da Cruz ICK, Gasser B, et al. B-mode ultrasonography and ARFI elastography of articular and peri-articular structures of the hip joint in non-dysplastic and dysplastic dogs as confirmed by radiographic examination. BMC Vet Res. 2023;19(1):181. doi:10.1186\/s12917-023-03753-7"},{"issue":"5","key":"B12","series-title":"Cienc Rural","first-page":"e20230578","article-title":"Using elastography (acoustic radiation force impulse) to correlate the effects of age, weight, sex, and Norberg angle on the pectineus muscle of dysplastic dogs","author":"Leit\u00e3o JR","year":"2025","unstructured":"Leit\u00e3o JR, Minto BW, Tavares ABL, et al. Using elastography (acoustic radiation force impulse) to correlate the effects of age, weight, sex, and Norberg angle on the pectineus muscle of dysplastic dogs. Cienc Rural. 2025;55(5):e20230578. doi:10.1590\/0103-8478cr20230578"},{"issue":"04","key":"B13","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"247","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of hind limb muscle strain injuries in 22 dogs","author":"Nielsen CP","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nielsen CP, Pluhar GE. Diagnosis and treatment of hind limb muscle strain injuries in 22 dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2018;18(04):247\u2013253. doi:10.1055\/s-0038-1632962"},{"issue":"4","key":"B14","series-title":"Clin Tech Small Anim Pract","first-page":"183","article-title":"Hip and sacroiliac disease: selected disorders and their management with physical therapy","author":"Edge-Hughes L","year":"2007","unstructured":"Edge-Hughes L. Hip and sacroiliac disease: selected disorders and their management with physical therapy. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract. 2007;22(4):183\u2013194. doi:10.1053\/j.ctsap.2007.09.007"},{"issue":"10","key":"B15","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1379","article-title":"Ultrasound is an accurate imaging modality for diagnosing hip luxation in dogs presenting with hind limb lameness","author":"Todd-Donato AB","year":"2024","unstructured":"Todd-Donato AB, VanDeventer GM, Porter IR, Krotscheck U. Ultrasound is an accurate imaging modality for diagnosing hip luxation in dogs presenting with hind limb lameness. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2024;262(10):1379\u20131387. doi:10.2460\/javma.24.05.0321"},{"key":"B16","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"1224944","article-title":"Approach to the canine coxofemoral joint using an osteotomy of the deep gluteal muscle insertion for total hip replacements","author":"Tardiani L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tardiani L, Goldsmid S, Lanz O. Approach to the canine coxofemoral joint using an osteotomy of the deep gluteal muscle insertion for total hip replacements. Front Vet Sci. 2023;10:1224944. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2023.1224944"},{"issue":"2","key":"B17","series-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg","first-page":"179","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of abductor muscle damage in relation to the surgical approach for primary total hip replacement: minimally invasive anterolateral versus modified direct lateral approach","author":"M\u00fcller M","year":"2011","unstructured":"M\u00fcller M, Tohtz S, Springer I, Dewey M, Perka C. Randomized controlled trial of abductor muscle damage in relation to the surgical approach for primary total hip replacement: minimally invasive anterolateral versus modified direct lateral approach. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2011;131(2):179\u2013189. doi:10.1007\/s00402-010-1117-0"},{"issue":"3","key":"B18","series-title":"Eur Radiol","first-page":"1312","article-title":"MR imaging of soft tissue alterations after total hip arthroplasty: comparison of classic surgical approaches","author":"Agten CA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Agten CA, Sutter R, Dora C, Pfirrmann CW. MR imaging of soft tissue alterations after total hip arthroplasty: comparison of classic surgical approaches. Eur Radiol. 2017;27(3):1312\u20131321. doi:10.1007\/s00330-016-4455-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"B19","series-title":"Vet Med Sci","first-page":"e70223","article-title":"The effect of early initiation of physiotherapy on the functional recovery of dogs that underwent femoral head ostectomy","author":"Khazayee V","year":"2025","unstructured":"Khazayee V, Emamjomeh E, Paryani M. The effect of early initiation of physiotherapy on the functional recovery of dogs that underwent femoral head ostectomy. Vet Med Sci. 2025;11(2):e70223. doi:10.1002\/vms3.70223"},{"issue":"13","key":"B20","series-title":"Animals","first-page":"1631","article-title":"Effect of femoral head and neck osteotomy on canines\u2019 functional pelvic position and locomotion","author":"Engstig M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Engstig M, Vesterinen S, Morelius M, Junnila J, Hyyti\u00e4inen HK. Effect of femoral head and neck osteotomy on canines\u2019 functional pelvic position and locomotion. Animals. 2022;12(13):1631. doi:10.3390\/ani12131631"},{"key":"B21","series-title":"Act Sci Vet","first-page":"1892","article-title":"Lateral and medial musculature of pelvic limbs in dogs \u2013 normal ultrasonographic anatomy","author":"Carnero RK","year":"2022","unstructured":"Carnero RK, da Crus ICK, Lima B, et al. Lateral and medial musculature of pelvic limbs in dogs \u2013 normal ultrasonographic anatomy. Act Sci Vet. 2022;50:1892. doi:10.22456\/1679-9216.126638"},{"key":"B22","series-title":"Miller\u2019s Anatomy of the Dog","author":"Hermanson JW","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hermanson JW, de Lahunta A. Miller\u2019s Anatomy of the Dog. 5th ed. Elsevier; 2020."},{"issue":"4","key":"B23","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"378","article-title":"Ultrasonographic evaluation of normal canine iliopsoas muscle","author":"Cannon MS","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cannon MS, Puchalski SM. Ultrasonographic evaluation of normal canine iliopsoas muscle. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2008;49(4):378\u2013382. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2008.00385.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"B24","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"144","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided approach for axillary brachial plexus, femoral nerve, and sciatic nerve blocks in dogs","author":"Campoy L","year":"2010","unstructured":"Campoy L, Bezuidenhout AJ, Gleed RD, et al. Ultrasound-guided approach for axillary brachial plexus, femoral nerve, and sciatic nerve blocks in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2010;37(2):144\u2013153. doi:10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2009.00518.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"B25","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"1216","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided femoral and obturator nerves block in the psoas compartment in dogs: anatomical and randomized clinical study","author":"Tayari H","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tayari H, Tazioli G, Breghi G, Briganti A. Ultrasound-guided femoral and obturator nerves block in the psoas compartment in dogs: anatomical and randomized clinical study. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2017;44(5):1216\u20131226. doi:10.1016\/j.vaa.2016.12.062"},{"issue":"6","key":"B26","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"611","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided \u2018two-in-one\u2019 femoral and obturator nerve block in the dog: an anatomical study","author":"Echeverry DF","year":"2012","unstructured":"Echeverry DF, Laredo FG, Gil F, Belda E, Soler M, Agut A. Ultrasound-guided \u2018two-in-one\u2019 femoral and obturator nerve block in the dog: an anatomical study. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2012;39(6):611\u2013617. doi:10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2012.00750.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"B27","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"143","article-title":"Anatomic atlas for computed tomography in the mesaticephalic dog: caudal abdomen and pelvis","author":"Smallwood JE","year":"1993","unstructured":"Smallwood JE, George TF. Anatomic atlas for computed tomography in the mesaticephalic dog: caudal abdomen and pelvis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 1993;34(3):143\u2013167. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1993.tb01997.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"B28","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"598","article-title":"3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging study of the normal canine femoral and sciatic nerves","author":"Sievert C","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sievert C, Richter H, Gascho D, Kircher PR, Carrera I. 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging study of the normal canine femoral and sciatic nerves. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2017;58(5):598\u2013606. doi:10.1111\/vru.12511"},{"key":"B29","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","first-page":"430","article-title":"Development of a three-dimensional computer model of the canine pelvic limb including cruciate ligaments to simulate movement","author":"Meise HF","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meise HF, L\u00fcpke M, Seifert H, Harms O. Development of a three-dimensional computer model of the canine pelvic limb including cruciate ligaments to simulate movement. Res Vet Sci. 2021;136:430\u2013443. doi:10.1016\/j.rvsc.2021.03.015"},{"issue":"3","key":"B30","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"266","article-title":"Two anatomic resources of canine pelvic limb muscles based on CT and MRI","author":"Sunico SK","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sunico SK, Hamel C, Styner M, et al. Two anatomic resources of canine pelvic limb muscles based on CT and MRI. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2012;53(3):266\u2013272. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2012.01926.x"},{"issue":"02","key":"B1","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"56","article-title":"Incidence of canine appendicular musculoskeletal disorders in 16 veterinary teaching hospitals from 1980 through 1989","author":"Johnson JA","year":"1994","unstructured":"Johnson JA, Austin C, Breur GJ. Incidence of canine appendicular musculoskeletal disorders in 16 veterinary teaching hospitals from 1980 through 1989. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 1994;07(02):56\u201369. doi:10.1055\/s-0038-1633097"},{"issue":"10","key":"B2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1466","article-title":"Association between pelvic muscle mass and canine hip dysplasia","author":"Cardinet GH","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cardinet GH, Kass PH, Wallace LJ, Guffy MM. Association between pelvic muscle mass and canine hip dysplasia. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1997;210(10):1466\u20131473. doi:10.2460\/javma.1997.210.10.1466"},{"issue":"1","key":"B3","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"425","article-title":"Clinical and diagnostic imaging findings in police working dogs referred for hip osteoarthritis","author":"Alves JC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alves JC, Santos A, Jorge P, Lavrador C, Miguel Carreira L. Clinical and diagnostic imaging findings in police working dogs referred for hip osteoarthritis. BMC Vet Res. 2020;16(1):425. doi:10.1186\/s12917-020-02647-2"},{"issue":"7","key":"B4","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"966","article-title":"Kinematic gait analysis in dogs with hip dysplasia","author":"Bennett RL","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bennett RL, DeCamp CE, Flo GL, Hauptman JG, Stajich M. Kinematic gait analysis in dogs with hip dysplasia. Am J Vet Res. 1996;57(7):966\u2013971. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.1996.57.07.966"},{"issue":"9","key":"B5","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1371","article-title":"Hind limb kinematics during therapeutic exercises in dogs with osteoarthritis of the hip joints","author":"Bockstahler BA","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bockstahler BA, Prickler B, Lewy E, Holler PJ, Vobornik A, Peham C. Hind limb kinematics during therapeutic exercises in dogs with osteoarthritis of the hip joints. Am J Vet Res. 2012;73(9):1371\u20131376. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.73.9.1371"},{"issue":"8","key":"B6","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"974","article-title":"Additional kinematic variables to describe differences in the trot between clinically normal dogs and dogs with hip dysplasia","author":"Poy NSJ","year":"2000","unstructured":"Poy NSJ, DeCamp CE, Bennett RL, Hauptman JG. Additional kinematic variables to describe differences in the trot between clinically normal dogs and dogs with hip dysplasia. Am J Vet Res. 2000;61(8):974\u2013978. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.974"},{"issue":"2","key":"B7","series-title":"J Vet Sci","first-page":"1000313","article-title":"Radiographically breed specific morphology and calcifying tendinopathy in the iliopsoas muscle at the lesser trochanter in Rottweilers, German Shepherd Dogs and Bavarian Mountain Hounds","author":"Willmitzer F","year":"2016","unstructured":"Willmitzer F, Gumpenberger M, Sommerfeld-Stur I, Mayrhofer E. Radiographically breed specific morphology and calcifying tendinopathy in the iliopsoas muscle at the lesser trochanter in Rottweilers, German Shepherd Dogs and Bavarian Mountain Hounds. J Vet Sci. 2016;7(2):1000313. doi:10.4172\/2157-7579.1000313"},{"issue":"6","key":"B8","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1097","article-title":"Changes in pelvic muscle tissues associated with hip dysplasia in dogs","author":"Lust G","year":"1972","unstructured":"Lust G, Craig PH, Geary JC, Ross GE. Changes in pelvic muscle tissues associated with hip dysplasia in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 1972;33(6):1097\u20131108. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.1972.33.06.1097"},{"issue":"6","key":"B9","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"591","article-title":"Canine hip dysplasia: effects of pectineal tenotomy on the coxofemoral joints of German Shepherd Dogs","author":"Cardinet GH","year":"1974","unstructured":"Cardinet GH, Guffy MM, Wallace LJ. Canine hip dysplasia: effects of pectineal tenotomy on the coxofemoral joints of German Shepherd Dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1974;164(6):591\u2013598. doi:10.2460\/javma.1974.164.06.591"},{"issue":"3","key":"B10","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"411","article-title":"Canine hip dysplasia: differences in pectineal muscles of healthy and dysplastic German Shepherd Dogs when two months old","author":"Ihemelandu EC","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ihemelandu EC, Cardinet GH, Guffy MM, Wallace LJ. Canine hip dysplasia: differences in pectineal muscles of healthy and dysplastic German Shepherd Dogs when two months old. Am J Vet Res. 1983;44(3):411\u2013416. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.1983.44.03.411"},{"issue":"1","key":"B11","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"181","article-title":"B-mode ultrasonography and ARFI elastography of articular and peri-articular structures of the hip joint in non-dysplastic and dysplastic dogs as confirmed by radiographic examination","author":"Carneiro RK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Carneiro RK, da Cruz ICK, Gasser B, et al. B-mode ultrasonography and ARFI elastography of articular and peri-articular structures of the hip joint in non-dysplastic and dysplastic dogs as confirmed by radiographic examination. BMC Vet Res. 2023;19(1):181. doi:10.1186\/s12917-023-03753-7"},{"issue":"5","key":"B12","series-title":"Cienc Rural","first-page":"e20230578","article-title":"Using elastography (acoustic radiation force impulse) to correlate the effects of age, weight, sex, and Norberg angle on the pectineus muscle of dysplastic dogs","author":"Leit\u00e3o JR","year":"2025","unstructured":"Leit\u00e3o JR, Minto BW, Tavares ABL, et al. Using elastography (acoustic radiation force impulse) to correlate the effects of age, weight, sex, and Norberg angle on the pectineus muscle of dysplastic dogs. Cienc Rural. 2025;55(5):e20230578. doi:10.1590\/0103-8478cr20230578"},{"issue":"04","key":"B13","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"247","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of hind limb muscle strain injuries in 22 dogs","author":"Nielsen CP","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nielsen CP, Pluhar GE. Diagnosis and treatment of hind limb muscle strain injuries in 22 dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2018;18(04):247\u2013253. doi:10.1055\/s-0038-1632962"},{"issue":"4","key":"B14","series-title":"Clin Tech Small Anim Pract","first-page":"183","article-title":"Hip and sacroiliac disease: selected disorders and their management with physical therapy","author":"Edge-Hughes L","year":"2007","unstructured":"Edge-Hughes L. Hip and sacroiliac disease: selected disorders and their management with physical therapy. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract. 2007;22(4):183\u2013194. doi:10.1053\/j.ctsap.2007.09.007"},{"issue":"10","key":"B15","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1379","article-title":"Ultrasound is an accurate imaging modality for diagnosing hip luxation in dogs presenting with hind limb lameness","author":"Todd-Donato AB","year":"2024","unstructured":"Todd-Donato AB, VanDeventer GM, Porter IR, Krotscheck U. Ultrasound is an accurate imaging modality for diagnosing hip luxation in dogs presenting with hind limb lameness. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2024;262(10):1379\u20131387. doi:10.2460\/javma.24.05.0321"},{"key":"B16","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"1224944","article-title":"Approach to the canine coxofemoral joint using an osteotomy of the deep gluteal muscle insertion for total hip replacements","author":"Tardiani L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tardiani L, Goldsmid S, Lanz O. Approach to the canine coxofemoral joint using an osteotomy of the deep gluteal muscle insertion for total hip replacements. Front Vet Sci. 2023;10:1224944. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2023.1224944"},{"issue":"2","key":"B17","series-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg","first-page":"179","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of abductor muscle damage in relation to the surgical approach for primary total hip replacement: minimally invasive anterolateral versus modified direct lateral approach","author":"M\u00fcller M","year":"2011","unstructured":"M\u00fcller M, Tohtz S, Springer I, Dewey M, Perka C. Randomized controlled trial of abductor muscle damage in relation to the surgical approach for primary total hip replacement: minimally invasive anterolateral versus modified direct lateral approach. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2011;131(2):179\u2013189. doi:10.1007\/s00402-010-1117-0"},{"issue":"3","key":"B18","series-title":"Eur Radiol","first-page":"1312","article-title":"MR imaging of soft tissue alterations after total hip arthroplasty: comparison of classic surgical approaches","author":"Agten CA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Agten CA, Sutter R, Dora C, Pfirrmann CW. MR imaging of soft tissue alterations after total hip arthroplasty: comparison of classic surgical approaches. Eur Radiol. 2017;27(3):1312\u20131321. doi:10.1007\/s00330-016-4455-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"B19","series-title":"Vet Med Sci","first-page":"e70223","article-title":"The effect of early initiation of physiotherapy on the functional recovery of dogs that underwent femoral head ostectomy","author":"Khazayee V","year":"2025","unstructured":"Khazayee V, Emamjomeh E, Paryani M. The effect of early initiation of physiotherapy on the functional recovery of dogs that underwent femoral head ostectomy. Vet Med Sci. 2025;11(2):e70223. doi:10.1002\/vms3.70223"},{"issue":"13","key":"B20","series-title":"Animals","first-page":"1631","article-title":"Effect of femoral head and neck osteotomy on canines\u2019 functional pelvic position and locomotion","author":"Engstig M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Engstig M, Vesterinen S, Morelius M, Junnila J, Hyyti\u00e4inen HK. Effect of femoral head and neck osteotomy on canines\u2019 functional pelvic position and locomotion. Animals. 2022;12(13):1631. doi:10.3390\/ani12131631"},{"key":"B21","series-title":"Act Sci Vet","first-page":"1892","article-title":"Lateral and medial musculature of pelvic limbs in dogs \u2013 normal ultrasonographic anatomy","author":"Carnero RK","year":"2022","unstructured":"Carnero RK, da Crus ICK, Lima B, et al. Lateral and medial musculature of pelvic limbs in dogs \u2013 normal ultrasonographic anatomy. Act Sci Vet. 2022;50:1892. doi:10.22456\/1679-9216.126638"},{"key":"B22","series-title":"Miller\u2019s Anatomy of the Dog","author":"Hermanson JW","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hermanson JW, de Lahunta A. Miller\u2019s Anatomy of the Dog. 5th ed. Elsevier; 2020."},{"issue":"4","key":"B23","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"378","article-title":"Ultrasonographic evaluation of normal canine iliopsoas muscle","author":"Cannon MS","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cannon MS, Puchalski SM. Ultrasonographic evaluation of normal canine iliopsoas muscle. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2008;49(4):378\u2013382. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2008.00385.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"B24","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"144","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided approach for axillary brachial plexus, femoral nerve, and sciatic nerve blocks in dogs","author":"Campoy L","year":"2010","unstructured":"Campoy L, Bezuidenhout AJ, Gleed RD, et al. Ultrasound-guided approach for axillary brachial plexus, femoral nerve, and sciatic nerve blocks in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2010;37(2):144\u2013153. doi:10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2009.00518.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"B25","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"1216","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided femoral and obturator nerves block in the psoas compartment in dogs: anatomical and randomized clinical study","author":"Tayari H","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tayari H, Tazioli G, Breghi G, Briganti A. Ultrasound-guided femoral and obturator nerves block in the psoas compartment in dogs: anatomical and randomized clinical study. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2017;44(5):1216\u20131226. doi:10.1016\/j.vaa.2016.12.062"},{"issue":"6","key":"B26","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"611","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided \u2018two-in-one\u2019 femoral and obturator nerve block in the dog: an anatomical study","author":"Echeverry DF","year":"2012","unstructured":"Echeverry DF, Laredo FG, Gil F, Belda E, Soler M, Agut A. Ultrasound-guided \u2018two-in-one\u2019 femoral and obturator nerve block in the dog: an anatomical study. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2012;39(6):611\u2013617. doi:10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2012.00750.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"B27","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"143","article-title":"Anatomic atlas for computed tomography in the mesaticephalic dog: caudal abdomen and pelvis","author":"Smallwood JE","year":"1993","unstructured":"Smallwood JE, George TF. Anatomic atlas for computed tomography in the mesaticephalic dog: caudal abdomen and pelvis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 1993;34(3):143\u2013167. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1993.tb01997.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"B28","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"598","article-title":"3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging study of the normal canine femoral and sciatic nerves","author":"Sievert C","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sievert C, Richter H, Gascho D, Kircher PR, Carrera I. 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging study of the normal canine femoral and sciatic nerves. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2017;58(5):598\u2013606. doi:10.1111\/vru.12511"},{"key":"B29","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","first-page":"430","article-title":"Development of a three-dimensional computer model of the canine pelvic limb including cruciate ligaments to simulate movement","author":"Meise HF","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meise HF, L\u00fcpke M, Seifert H, Harms O. Development of a three-dimensional computer model of the canine pelvic limb including cruciate ligaments to simulate movement. Res Vet Sci. 2021;136:430\u2013443. doi:10.1016\/j.rvsc.2021.03.015"},{"issue":"3","key":"B30","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"266","article-title":"Two anatomic resources of canine pelvic limb muscles based on CT and MRI","author":"Sunico SK","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sunico SK, Hamel C, Styner M, et al. Two anatomic resources of canine pelvic limb muscles based on CT and MRI. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2012;53(3):266\u2013272. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2012.01926.x"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/4\/ajvr.25.11.0404.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/4\/ajvr.25.11.0404.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/4\/ajvr.25.11.0404.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T21:18:50Z","timestamp":1775078330000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/4\/ajvr.25.11.0404.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.25.11.0404","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}}}