{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T14:15:58Z","timestamp":1777904158206,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify optimal cadaveric preparation methods for sentinel lymph node mapping in experimental procedures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Apparently healthy canine cadavers were obtained from local shelters following humane euthanasia unrelated to the study. This experimental study was conducted from October 2023 through July 2024 at the University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine. Cadaveric preparations were categorized as follows: fresh, refrigerated, frozen-thawed, and heated (refrigerated and frozen specimens). Indocyanine green (ICG) was injected into established lymphosomes, targeting the superficial cervical, axillary, superficial inguinal, and popliteal lymph nodes. Lymphatic tracts were identified using near-infrared fluorescence. Time to lymph node uptake or cessation of tract progression and tract distance (centimeters) was recorded to calculate velocity (cm\/s) when applicable. Lymph nodes were then extirpated to assess fluorescence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>9 adult mixed-breed canine cadavers were used, with a lymph node distribution of 11 fresh, 30 refrigerated, 3 refrigerated-heated, 17 frozen-thawed, and 3 frozen-thawed-heated specimens. Fresh and refrigerated cadavers demonstrated consistent and reliable uptake of ICG into the lymphatic tracts and the respective lymph nodes. Frozen-thawed cadavers demonstrated consistent lymphatic tract uptake but inconsistent uptake to the respective lymph nodes. Heating did not improve lymph node fluorescence in refrigerated or frozen-thawed cadavers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fresh and refrigerated cadaveric preparations are ideal for sentinel lymph node mapping with ICG. Heating of the cadavers did not improve lymph node fluorescence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>When fresh canine cadavers are not accessible, refrigerated cadavers can be reliably used for experimental peripheral sentinel lymph node mapping.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.11.0408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T14:33:57Z","timestamp":1769524437000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fresh and refrigerated cadaveric preparations are ideal for experimental sentinel lymph node mapping in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Kristin M.","family":"Reichert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8201-040X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Maxwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"},{"name":"Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashlyn","family":"Frahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis J.","family":"Caicedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Bertran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"B1","series-title":"Vet Comp Oncol","first-page":"81","article-title":"A review of sentinel lymph node evaluation and the need for its incorporation into veterinary oncology","author":"Tuohy JL","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tuohy JL, Milgram J, Worley DR, Dernell WS. A review of sentinel lymph node evaluation and the need for its incorporation into veterinary oncology. Vet Comp Oncol. 2009;7(2):81\u201391. doi:10.1111\/j.1476-5829.2009.00183.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"B2","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"133","article-title":"Influence of locoregional lymph node aspiration cytology vs sentinel lymph node mapping and biopsy on disease stage assignment in dogs with integumentary mast cell tumors","author":"Lapsley J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lapsley J, Hayes GM, Janvier V, et al. Influence of locoregional lymph node aspiration cytology vs sentinel lymph node mapping and biopsy on disease stage assignment in dogs with integumentary mast cell tumors. Vet Surg. 2021;50(1):133\u2013141. doi:10.1111\/vsu.13537"},{"issue":"6","key":"B3","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"1099","article-title":"Biopsy of sentinel lymph nodes after injection of methylene blue and lymphoscintigraphic guidance in 30 dogs with mast cell tumors","author":"Ferrari R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ferrari R, Chiti LE, Manfredi M, et al. Biopsy of sentinel lymph nodes after injection of methylene blue and lymphoscintigraphic guidance in 30 dogs with mast cell tumors. Vet Surg. 2020;49(6):1099\u20131108. doi:10.1111\/vsu.13483"},{"issue":"7","key":"B4","series-title":"PloS One","first-page":"e69222","article-title":"Lymphatic territories (lymphosomes) in a canine: an animal model for investigation of postoperative lymphatic alterations","author":"Suami H","year":"2013","unstructured":"Suami H, Yamashita S, Soto-Miranda MA, Chang DW. Lymphatic territories (lymphosomes) in a canine: an animal model for investigation of postoperative lymphatic alterations. 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