{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T21:56:33Z","timestamp":1788904593989,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To quantify platelets, leukocytes, cytokines, and growth factors in ProVet autologous platelet concentrate (APC). We hypothesized that APC would contain significantly increased leukocytes and platelets compared to whole blood and significantly increased concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors compared to serum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Blood was obtained from 6 horses and processed to produce APC. Leukocyte and platelet concentrations were quantified in whole blood and APC. Cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor\u2013\u03b1, and IL-1Ra, and growth factors, including PDGF\u2013BB, TGF-\u03b21, VEGF, and IGF-1, were quantified in serum and APC using immunoassays.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Median leukocyte concentrations were significantly higher in APC (51.60 X 10\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      cells\/\u03bcL) compared to blood (7.43 X 10\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      cells\/\u03bcL;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .0006). Median platelet concentrations (883.00 X 10\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      platelets\/\u03bcL) were significantly higher in APC compared to blood (120.0 X 10\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      platelets\/\u03bcL;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .001). IL-1Ra was significantly concentrated in APC (53.12 ng\/mL) compared to serum (below the limit of detection;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .001), and the IL-1Ra:IL-1\u03b2 ratio was significantly higher in APC (1,169) compared to serum (11.86;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .0073). The median concentration of TGF-\u03b21 was significantly higher in APC (12,480 pg\/mL) compared to serum (6,943 pg\/mL;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .0003), whereas the median concentrations of IGF-1 (APC = 52.88 ng\/mL and serum = 115.20 ng\/mL;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .0003) and PDGF\u2013BB (APC = 1,388.41 pg\/mL and serum = 1,707.24 pg\/mL;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .0017) were significantly lower in APC compared to serum.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ProVet APC is a leukocyte-rich PRP containing elevated concentrations of IL-1Ra and TGF-\u03b21. This portable, self-contained system provides equine practitioners with an easy way of producing PRP in the field.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides equine veterinarians with critical information about the constituents of a new orthobiologic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.11.0416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T16:13:02Z","timestamp":1772813582000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Equine autologous platelet concentrate is a leukocyte-rich platelet-rich plasma with a high interleukin-1Ra-to-interleukin-1\u03b2 ratio and high transforming growth factor\u2013\u03b21 concentration"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Katlyn D.","family":"McKenna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Struble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luma N. F.","family":"Max","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata L.","family":"Linardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0398-2444","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kyla F.","family":"Ortved","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"B1","series-title":"Arthroscopy","first-page":"429","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma: a milieu of bioactive factors","author":"Boswell SG","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boswell SG, Cole BJ, Sundman EA, Karas V, Fortier LA. 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