{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T16:02:56Z","timestamp":1785513776840,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ultraviolet B (UVB) guidelines for husbandry and therapeutic exposure remain limited for reptiles. We aimed to determine whether intermittent UVB exposure can elevate and maintain plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      (25-OHD\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) concentrations in blue-tongued skinks (\n                      <jats:italic>Tiliqua scincoides<\/jats:italic>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A prospective, randomized experimental study was conducted using 11 subadult skinks. Six skinks received 2 hours of UVB exposure every 3 days for 30 days, while 5 controls received none. Subsequently, the control skinks received 2 hours of UVB every 7 days for 28 days. Plasma 25-OHD\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      concentrations were measured at baseline and post-UVB using chemiluminescent immunoassay.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both regimens significantly increased 25-OHD\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      in a dose-dependent manner. Two-hour exposures every 3 days elevated median concentrations from 17 [13.8 to 25] to 587.5 [303.3 to 750] nmol\/L, while 7-day exposures increased concentrations from 23 [17.5 to 27] to 51 [42 to 222.5] nmol\/L, even with a change to new bulbs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Intermittent 2-hour UVB at 3- or 7-day intervals significantly elevated 25-OHD\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      concentrations, demonstrating that UVB can be administered as a therapeutic dose tailored to species-specific requirements. More research is needed to determine species-specific 25-OHD\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      reference intervals.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Periodic UVB dosing may offer a sufficient alternative to continuous daily exposure for maintaining vitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      concentrations in captive blue-tongued skinks; this practical approach supports routine management while reducing the risk of prolonged artificial UVB-related concerns.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.11.0417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T14:27:47Z","timestamp":1778509667000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intermittent ultraviolet B exposure increases plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in blue-tongued skinks (Tiliqua scincoides)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8053-3899","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Haerin","family":"Rhim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA"},{"name":"Department of Zoological Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashleigh","family":"Godke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keishla","family":"Marrero-Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4197-8061","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"M. Graciela","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7606-0122","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mark A.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"1814","article-title":"Blue tongues to prehensile tails: skink husbandry and medicine","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wright K. Blue tongues to prehensile tails: skink husbandry and medicine. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Community Conference. North American Veterinary Community; 2009:1814\u20131816."},{"key":"B2","series-title":"BSAVA Manual of Reptiles","first-page":"49","article-title":"Nutrition","author":"Rendle M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rendle M. Nutrition. In: Girling SJ, Raiti P, eds. BSAVA Manual of Reptiles. 3rd ed. British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 2019:49\u201369."},{"issue":"1","key":"B3","series-title":"J Zoo Aquar Res","first-page":"42","article-title":"How much UVB does my reptile need? The UV-Tool, a guide to the selection of UV lighting for reptiles and amphibians in captivity","volume":"4","author":"Baines FM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baines FM, Chattell J, Dale J, et al. How much UVB does my reptile need? The UV-Tool, a guide to the selection of UV lighting for reptiles and amphibians in captivity. J Zoo Aquar Res. 2016;4(1):42\u201363."},{"issue":"6","key":"B4","series-title":"Zoo Biol","first-page":"495","article-title":"Blood values in wild and captive Komodo dragons (Varanus komodoensis)","volume":"19","author":"Gillespie D","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gillespie D, Frye FL, Stockham SL, Fredeking T. Blood values in wild and captive Komodo dragons (Varanus komodoensis). Zoo Biol. 2000;19(6):495\u2013509. doi:10.1002\/1098-2361(2000)19:6<495::AID-ZOO2>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"B5","series-title":"Physiol Biochem Zool","first-page":"52","article-title":"Do panther chameleons bask to regulate endogenous vitamin D3 production?","volume":"76","author":"Ferguson GW","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ferguson GW, Gehrmann WH, Karsten KB, et al. Do panther chameleons bask to regulate endogenous vitamin D3 production? 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Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 2010;156(2):122\u2013128. doi:10.1016\/j.cbpb.2010.02.008"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"B9","series-title":"J Herpetol Med Surg","first-page":"34","article-title":"Evaluating the physiologic effects of short duration ultraviolet B radiation exposure in leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius)","volume":"28","author":"Gould A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gould A, Molitor L, Rockwell K, Watson M, Mitchell MA. Evaluating the physiologic effects of short duration ultraviolet B radiation exposure in leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius). 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J Herpetol Med Surg. 2022;32(3):225\u2013229. doi:10.5818\/JHMS-D-21-00039"},{"issue":"10","key":"B11","series-title":"Vet Sci","first-page":"965","article-title":"Measuring the rise and fall of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in blue-tongued skinks (Tiliqua scincoides) following ultraviolet B exposure and withdrawal","volume":"12","author":"Godke A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Godke A, Rhim H, Aguilar MG, Marrero-Acosta K, Mitchell MA. Measuring the rise and fall of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in blue-tongued skinks (Tiliqua scincoides) following ultraviolet B exposure and withdrawal. Vet Sci. 2025;12(10):965. doi:10.3390\/vetsci12100965"},{"issue":"1","key":"B12","series-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr","first-page":"308","article-title":"A comparison of UV B compact lamps in enabling cutaneous vitamin D synthesis in growing bearded dragons","volume":"102","author":"Diehl JJE","year":"2018","unstructured":"Diehl JJE, Baines FM, Heijboer AC, et al. 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Biomed Res Int. 2022;2022:7741397. doi:10.1155\/2022\/7741397"},{"issue":"2","key":"B20","series-title":"Am J Clin Nutr","first-page":"582S","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of vitamin D toxicity","volume":"88","author":"Jones G","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jones G. Pharmacokinetics of vitamin D toxicity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(2):582S\u2013586S. doi:10.1093\/ajcn\/88.2.582S"},{"issue":"4549","key":"B21","series-title":"Science","first-page":"1001","article-title":"Spectral character of sunlight modulates photosynthesis of previtamin D3 and its photoisomers in human skin","volume":"216","author":"MacLaughlin JA","year":"1982","unstructured":"MacLaughlin JA, Anderson RR, Holick MF. Spectral character of sunlight modulates photosynthesis of previtamin D3 and its photoisomers in human skin. 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Voluntary exposure of some western-hemisphere snake and lizard species to ultraviolet-B radiation in the field: how much ultraviolet-B should a lizard or snake receive in captivity? Zoo Biol. 2010;29(3):317\u2013334. doi:10.1002\/zoo.20255"},{"issue":"2","key":"B29","series-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol B","first-page":"167","article-title":"The plasma transport proteins of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds","volume":"53","author":"Hay AWM","year":"1976","unstructured":"Hay AWM, Watson G. The plasma transport proteins of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds. Comp Biochem Physiol B. 1976;53(2):167\u2013172. doi:10.1016\/0305-0491(76)90029-8"},{"issue":"11","key":"B30","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"342","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in 22 captive tortoises (Testudo species)","volume":"162","author":"Eatwell K","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eatwell K. Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in 22 captive tortoises (Testudo species). Vet Rec. 2008;162(11):342\u2013345. doi:10.1136\/vr.162.11.342"},{"issue":"3","key":"B31","series-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol","first-page":"196","article-title":"Blood vitamin D3 metabolite concentrations of adult female bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) remain stable after ceasing UVb exposure","volume":"165","author":"Oonincx D","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oonincx D, Van De Wal MD, Bosch G, et al. Blood vitamin D3 metabolite concentrations of adult female bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) remain stable after ceasing UVb exposure. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 2013;165(3):196\u2013200. doi:10.1016\/j.cbpb.2013.04.006"},{"issue":"3","key":"B32","series-title":"J Herpetol Med Surg","first-page":"81","article-title":"Restoring vitamin D in monitor lizards: exploring the efficacy of dietary and UVB sources","volume":"19","author":"Ferguson GW","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ferguson GW, Gehrmann WH, Peavy B, et al. Restoring vitamin D in monitor lizards: exploring the efficacy of dietary and UVB sources. J Herpetol Med Surg. 2009;19(3):81\u201388. doi:10.5818\/1529-9651.19.3.81"},{"key":"B33","series-title":"Biologic Effects of Light 1998","first-page":"99","article-title":"Evaluation of vitamin D status in the green iguana (Iguana Iguana): oral administration vs UVB exposure","author":"Allen ME","year":"1999","unstructured":"Allen ME, Chen TC, Holick MF, Merkel E. Evaluation of vitamin D status in the green iguana (Iguana Iguana): oral administration vs UVB exposure. In: Holick MF, Jung EG, eds. Biologic Effects of Light 1998. Springer; 1999:99\u2013101."},{"issue":"8","key":"B34","series-title":"Bull Chic Herpetol Soc","first-page":"145","article-title":"Dietary vitamin D3 and UV-B exposure effects on green iguana growth rate: is full-spectrum lighting necessary?","volume":"39","author":"Hibma J","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hibma J. Dietary vitamin D3 and UV-B exposure effects on green iguana growth rate: is full-spectrum lighting necessary? Bull Chic Herpetol Soc. 2004;39(8):145\u2013150."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/8\/ajvr.25.11.0417.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/8\/ajvr.25.11.0417.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/8\/ajvr.25.11.0417.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T15:25:09Z","timestamp":1785511509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/8\/ajvr.25.11.0417.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.25.11.0417","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]}}}