{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T13:11:40Z","timestamp":1780060300387,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the surgical technique, complications, and outcomes of laparoscopic iliosacral lymph node (ISLN) extirpation in dogs with apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA), with or without intraoperative lymphangiography.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>18 client-owned dogs underwent laparoscopic ISLN extirpation (19 procedures) between March 2012 and May 2024. Dogs were included if medical records were complete, the dogs were diagnosed with AGASACA, and an attempted laparoscopic ISLN extirpation was performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Presentation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dogs were evaluated for staging and\/or management of suspected metastasis to ISLNs. The study population included 11 male castrated and 7 female spayed dogs with a mean age of 9.95 \u00b1 1.8 years (range, 7 to 14 years). Pertinent physical examination abnormalities included firm, irregular, or nodular masses involving one or both anal sacs, perianal subcutaneous tissues, or prior anal sacculectomy sites.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>16 of 19 procedures (84.2%) were completed totally laparoscopically, while 3 of 19 (15.8%) required reactive conversion to open celiotomy. Intraoperative lymphangiography was attempted in 6 of 19 procedures (31.6%) using indocyanine green, methylene blue, or both. Indocyanine green was successful in 2 of 3 cases (66.7%), whereas methylene blue was unsuccessful in all attempts. Intraoperative surgical complications occurred in 9 of 19 procedures (47.3%), and most were mild and self-limiting. Histopathology confirmed metastatic ISLN(s) in 14 of 19 cases (73.7%). All dogs survived to discharge, and 18 of 19 cases (94.7%) survived beyond 14 days postoperatively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Laparoscopic ISLN extirpation, with or without intraoperative lymphangiography, is a viable diagnostic and treatment approach for dogs with AGASACA, supporting the increasing role of minimally invasive surgery in veterinary surgery including oncologic staging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.12.0428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T18:20:49Z","timestamp":1773080449000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Laparoscopic extirpation of iliosacral lymph nodes in select dogs is safe and effective with or without intraoperative lymphangiography"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3205-915X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alex M.","family":"Aubrecht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp D.","family":"Mayhew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0852-0644","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michele A.","family":"Steffey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6132-156X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"William T. N.","family":"Culp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid M.","family":"Balsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8095-9339","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ameet","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin A.","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"B1","series-title":"Zentralbl Veterinarmed A","first-page":"739","article-title":"Canine perineal tumours","author":"Berrocal A","year":"1989","unstructured":"Berrocal A, Vos JH, van den Ingh TS, Molenbeek RF, van Sluijs FJ. Canine perineal tumours. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A. 1989;36(10):739\u2013749. doi:10.1111\/j.1439-0442.1989.tb00787.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"B2","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"263","article-title":"Surgical management of primary, metastatic and recurrent anal sac adenocarcinoma in the dog: 52 cases","author":"Barnes DC","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barnes DC, Demetriou JL. Surgical management of primary, metastatic and recurrent anal sac adenocarcinoma in the dog: 52 cases. J Small Anim Pract. 2017;58(5):263\u2013268. doi:10.1111\/jsap.12633"},{"issue":"8","key":"B3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"877","article-title":"Surgical excision of anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinomas with and without adjunctive chemotherapy in dogs: 42 cases (2005\u20132011)","author":"Potanas CP","year":"2015","unstructured":"Potanas CP, Padgett S, Gamblin RM. Surgical excision of anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinomas with and without adjunctive chemotherapy in dogs: 42 cases (2005\u20132011). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2015;246(8):877\u2013884. doi:10.2460\/javma.246.8.877"},{"issue":"10","key":"B4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1","article-title":"Short- and long-term outcomes associated with anal sacculectomy in dogs with massive apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma","author":"Griffin MA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Griffin MA, Mayhew PD, Culp WTN, et al. Short- and long-term outcomes associated with anal sacculectomy in dogs with massive apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2023;261(10):1\u20138. doi:10.2460\/javma.23.02.0102"},{"issue":"2","key":"B5","series-title":"Vet Comp Oncol","first-page":"327","article-title":"A relatively high proportion of dogs with small apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) primary tumours present with locoregional lymph node metastasis","author":"Jones AE","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jones AE, Wustefeld-Janssens BG. A relatively high proportion of dogs with small apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) primary tumours present with locoregional lymph node metastasis. Vet Comp Oncol. 2023;21(2):327\u2013331. doi:10.1111\/vco.12890"},{"issue":"3","key":"B6","series-title":"Vet Comp Oncol","first-page":"1073","article-title":"Outcome in dogs with advanced (stage 3b) anal sac gland carcinoma treated with surgery or hypofractionated radiation therapy","author":"Meier V","year":"2017","unstructured":"Meier V, Polton G, Cancedda S, et al. Outcome in dogs with advanced (stage 3b) anal sac gland carcinoma treated with surgery or hypofractionated radiation therapy. Vet Comp Oncol. 2017;15(3):1073\u20131086. doi:10.1111\/vco.12248"},{"issue":"3","key":"B7","series-title":"Vet Comp Oncol","first-page":"125","article-title":"Breed, gender and neutering status of british dogs with anal sac gland carcinoma","author":"Polton GA","year":"2006","unstructured":"Polton GA, Mowat V, Lee HC, McKee KA, Scase TJ. Breed, gender and neutering status of british dogs with anal sac gland carcinoma. Vet Comp Oncol. 2006;4(3):125\u2013131. doi:10.1111\/j.1476-5829.2006.00100.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"B8","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"274","article-title":"Clinical stage, therapy, and prognosis in canine anal sac gland carcinoma","author":"Polton GA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Polton GA, Brearley MJ. Clinical stage, therapy, and prognosis in canine anal sac gland carcinoma. J Vet Intern Med. 2007;21(2):274\u2013280. doi:10.1892\/0891-6640(2007)21[274:cstapi]2.0.co;2"},{"issue":"2","key":"B9","series-title":"Vet Comp Oncol","first-page":"94","article-title":"Postoperative radiotherapy and mitoxantrone for anal sac adenocarcinoma in the dog: 15 cases (1991\u20132001)","author":"Turek MM","year":"2003","unstructured":"Turek MM, Forrest LJ, Adams WM, Helfand SC, Vail DM. Postoperative radiotherapy and mitoxantrone for anal sac adenocarcinoma in the dog: 15 cases (1991\u20132001). Vet Comp Oncol. 2003;1(2):94\u2013104. doi:10.1046\/j.1476-5829.2003.00013.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"B10","series-title":"Vet Med Sci","first-page":"e1324","article-title":"Association between total hypercalcaemia and iliosacral lymph node metastasis in dogs diagnosed with anal sac adenocarcinoma using abdominal ultrasonography","author":"Toth D","year":"2024","unstructured":"Toth D, Upchurch D, Hallman RM. Association between total hypercalcaemia and iliosacral lymph node metastasis in dogs diagnosed with anal sac adenocarcinoma using abdominal ultrasonography. Vet Med Sci. 2024;10(1):e1324. doi:10.1002\/vms3.1324"},{"issue":"9","key":"B11","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"929","article-title":"Complications associated with iliosacral lymphadenectomy in dogs with metastatic apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma","author":"Huerta Y","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huerta Y, De Mello Souza CH, Selmic LE, et al. Complications associated with iliosacral lymphadenectomy in dogs with metastatic apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma. Can Vet J. 2022;63(9):929\u2013934. doi:10.1111\/vco.12748"},{"issue":"(suppl 1)","key":"B12","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"59","article-title":"Laparoscopic extirpation of the medial iliac lymph nodes in normal dogs","author":"Steffey MA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Steffey MA, Daniel L, Mayhew PD, Affolter VK, Soares JH, Fuller MC. Laparoscopic extirpation of the medial iliac lymph nodes in normal dogs. Vet Surg. 2015;44(suppl 1):59\u201365. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12207.x"},{"issue":"9","key":"B13","series-title":"J Vet Med Sci","first-page":"1603","article-title":"Bilateral medial iliac lymph node excision by a ventral laparoscopic approach: technique description","author":"Lim H","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lim H, Kim J, Li L, et al. Bilateral medial iliac lymph node excision by a ventral laparoscopic approach: technique description. J Vet Med Sci. 2017;79(9):1603\u20131610. doi:10.1292\/jvms.16-0627"},{"issue":"1","key":"B14","series-title":"Vet Sci","first-page":"33","article-title":"Use of minimally invasive surgery in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer in dogs and cats","author":"Balsa IM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Balsa IM, Culp WTN. Use of minimally invasive surgery in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer in dogs and cats. Vet Sci. 2019;6(1):33. doi:10.3390\/vetsci6010033"},{"issue":"6","key":"B15","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"1185","article-title":"Near-infrared fluorescence-guided minimally invasive surgery for iliosacral lymph node removal in 18 dogs (2023\u20132025)","author":"Monti S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Monti S, Brandao F, Drudi D, et al. Near-infrared fluorescence-guided minimally invasive surgery for iliosacral lymph node removal in 18 dogs (2023\u20132025). Vet Surg. 2025;54(6):1185\u20131195. doi:10.1111\/vsu.14289"},{"issue":"3","key":"B16","series-title":"Vet Comp Oncol","first-page":"215","article-title":"Incorporation of sentinel lymph node mapping in dogs with mast cell tumours: 20 consecutive procedures","author":"Worley DR","year":"2014","unstructured":"Worley DR. Incorporation of sentinel lymph node mapping in dogs with mast cell tumours: 20 consecutive procedures. Vet Comp Oncol. 2014;12(3):215\u2013226. doi:10.1111\/j.1476-5829.2012.00354.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"B17","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","first-page":"148","article-title":"Pulmonary lymph node charting in normal dogs with blue dye and scintigraphic lymphatic mapping","author":"Tuohy JL","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tuohy JL, Worley DR. Pulmonary lymph node charting in normal dogs with blue dye and scintigraphic lymphatic mapping. Res Vet Sci. 2014;97(1):148\u2013155. doi:10.1016\/j.rvsc.2014.07.002"},{"issue":"5","key":"B18","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"602","article-title":"Preoperative planar lymphoscintigraphy allows for sentinel lymph node detection in 51 dogs improving staging accuracy: feasibility and pitfalls","author":"Manfredi M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Manfredi M, De Zani D, Chiti LE, et al. Preoperative planar lymphoscintigraphy allows for sentinel lymph node detection in 51 dogs improving staging accuracy: feasibility and pitfalls. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2021;62(5):602\u2013609. doi:10.1111\/vru.12995"},{"issue":"2","key":"B19","series-title":"Vet Comp Oncol","first-page":"178","article-title":"The role of sentinel lymph node mapping in small animal veterinary medicine: a comparison with current approaches in human medicine","author":"Beer P","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beer P, Pozzi A, Rohrer Bley C, Bacon N, Pfammatter NS, Venzin C. The role of sentinel lymph node mapping in small animal veterinary medicine: a comparison with current approaches in human medicine. Vet Comp Oncol. 2018;16(2):178\u2013187. doi:10.1111\/vco.12372"},{"issue":"3","key":"B20","series-title":"Vet Comp Oncol","first-page":"740","article-title":"Use of indirect lymphography to identify sentinel lymph node in dogs: a pilot study in 30 tumours","author":"Brissot HN","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brissot HN, Edery EG. Use of indirect lymphography to identify sentinel lymph node in dogs: a pilot study in 30 tumours. Vet Comp Oncol. 2017;15(3):740\u2013753. doi:10.1111\/vco.12214"},{"issue":"4","key":"B21","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"671","article-title":"Augmenting laparoscopic surgery with fluorescence imaging","author":"Thomson C","year":"2024","unstructured":"Thomson C. Augmenting laparoscopic surgery with fluorescence imaging. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2024;54(4):671\u2013683. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2024.02.004"},{"issue":"3","key":"B22","series-title":"J Surg Oncol","first-page":"323","article-title":"The clinical use of indocyanine green as a near-infrared fluorescent contrast agent for image-guided oncologic surgery","author":"Schaafsma BE","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schaafsma BE, Mieog JS, Hutteman M, et al. The clinical use of indocyanine green as a near-infrared fluorescent contrast agent for image-guided oncologic surgery. J Surg Oncol. 2011;104(3):323\u2013332. doi:10.1002\/jso.21943"},{"key":"B23","series-title":"Int J Biomed Imaging","first-page":"940585","article-title":"A review of indocyanine green fluorescent imaging in surgery","author":"Alander JT","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alander JT, Kaartinen I, Laakso A, et al. A review of indocyanine green fluorescent imaging in surgery. Int J Biomed Imaging. 2012;2012:940585. doi:10.1155\/2012\/940585"},{"issue":"1","key":"B24","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"36","article-title":"Oncologic procedures amenable to fluorescence-guided surgery","author":"Tipirneni KE","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tipirneni KE, Warram JM, Moore LS, et al. Oncologic procedures amenable to fluorescence-guided surgery. Ann Surg. 2017;266(1):36\u201347. doi:10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002127"},{"issue":"5","key":"B25","series-title":"Ci\u00eancia Rural","first-page":"e20230388","article-title":"Different sites of application of methylene blue for laparoscopic lymphadenectomy of the left medial iliac lymph node in dogs","author":"Nascimento B","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nascimento B, Guerra D, Casassola I, et al. Different sites of application of methylene blue for laparoscopic lymphadenectomy of the left medial iliac lymph node in dogs. Ci\u00eancia Rural. 2025;55(5):e20230388. doi:10.1590\/0103-8478cr20230388"},{"key":"B26","series-title":"Small Animal Laparoscopy and Thoracoscopy","article-title":"The role of laparoscopy in cancer staging","author":"Steffey MA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Steffey MA. The role of laparoscopy in cancer staging. In: Fransson BA, Mayhew PD (eds). Small Animal Laparoscopy and Thoracoscopy. Wiley-Blackwell; 2022. doi:10.1002\/9781119666912.ch24"},{"issue":"7","key":"B27","series-title":"World J Surg","first-page":"1663","article-title":"Definition and Classification of Intraoperative Complications (CLASSIC): Delphi study and pilot evaluation","author":"Rosenthal R","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rosenthal R, Hoffmann H, Clavien PA, Bucher HC, Dell-Kuster S. Definition and Classification of Intraoperative Complications (CLASSIC): Delphi study and pilot evaluation. World J Surg. 2015;39(7):1663\u20131671. doi:10.1007\/s00268-015-3003-y"},{"issue":"1","key":"B28","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"61","article-title":"A systematic review of criteria used to report complications in soft tissue and oncologic surgical clinical research studies in dogs and cats","author":"Follette CM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Follette CM, Giuffrida MA, Balsa IM, et al. A systematic review of criteria used to report complications in soft tissue and oncologic surgical clinical research studies in dogs and cats. Vet Surg. 2020;49(1):61\u201369. doi:10.1111\/vsu.13279"},{"issue":"2","key":"B29","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"177","article-title":"The accordion severity grading system of surgical complications","author":"Strasberg SM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Strasberg SM, Linehan DC, Hawkins WG. The accordion severity grading system of surgical complications. Ann Surg. 2009;250(2):177\u2013186. doi:10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181afde41"},{"issue":"3","key":"B30","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"295","article-title":"Indirect computed tomographic lymphography for iliosacral lymphatic mapping in a cohort of dogs with anal sac gland adenocarcinoma: technique description","author":"Majeski SA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Majeski SA, Steffey MA, Fuller M, Hunt GB, Mayhew PD, Pollard RE. Indirect computed tomographic lymphography for iliosacral lymphatic mapping in a cohort of dogs with anal sac gland adenocarcinoma: technique description. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2017;58(3):295\u2013303. doi:10.1111\/vru.12482"},{"issue":"7","key":"B31","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"904","article-title":"Minimally invasive treatment of idiopathic chylothorax in dogs by thoracoscopic thoracic duct ligation and subphrenic pericardiectomy: 6 cases (2007\u20132010)","author":"Mayhew PD","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mayhew PD, Culp WT, Mayhew KN, Morgan OD. Minimally invasive treatment of idiopathic chylothorax in dogs by thoracoscopic thoracic duct ligation and subphrenic pericardiectomy: 6 cases (2007\u20132010). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2012;241(7):904\u2013909. doi:10.2460\/javma.241.7.904"},{"issue":"2","key":"B32","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"267","article-title":"Use of direct near-infrared fluorescent lymphography for thoracoscopic thoracic duct identification in 15 dogs with chylothorax","author":"Steffey MA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Steffey MA, Mayhew PD. Use of direct near-infrared fluorescent lymphography for thoracoscopic thoracic duct identification in 15 dogs with chylothorax. Vet Surg. 2018;47(2):267\u2013276. doi:10.1111\/vsu.12740"},{"issue":"2","key":"B33","series-title":"Vet Comp Oncol","first-page":"295","article-title":"Determining agreement between preoperative computed tomography lymphography and indocyanine green near infrared fluorescence intraoperative imaging for sentinel lymph node mapping in dogs with oral tumours","author":"Wan J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wan J, Oblak ML, Ram A, Singh A, Nykamp S. Determining agreement between preoperative computed tomography lymphography and indocyanine green near infrared fluorescence intraoperative imaging for sentinel lymph node mapping in dogs with oral tumours. Vet Comp Oncol. 2021;19(2):295\u2013303. doi:10.1111\/vco.12675"},{"issue":"10","key":"B1","series-title":"Zentralbl Veterinarmed A","first-page":"739","article-title":"Canine perineal tumours","author":"Berrocal A","year":"1989","unstructured":"Berrocal A, Vos JH, van den Ingh TS, Molenbeek RF, van Sluijs FJ. Canine perineal tumours. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A. 1989;36(10):739\u2013749. doi:10.1111\/j.1439-0442.1989.tb00787.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"B2","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"263","article-title":"Surgical management of primary, metastatic and recurrent anal sac adenocarcinoma in the dog: 52 cases","author":"Barnes DC","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barnes DC, Demetriou JL. Surgical management of primary, metastatic and recurrent anal sac adenocarcinoma in the dog: 52 cases. J Small Anim Pract. 2017;58(5):263\u2013268. doi:10.1111\/jsap.12633"},{"issue":"8","key":"B3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"877","article-title":"Surgical excision of anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinomas with and without adjunctive chemotherapy in dogs: 42 cases (2005\u20132011)","author":"Potanas CP","year":"2015","unstructured":"Potanas CP, Padgett S, Gamblin RM. Surgical excision of anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinomas with and without adjunctive chemotherapy in dogs: 42 cases (2005\u20132011). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2015;246(8):877\u2013884. doi:10.2460\/javma.246.8.877"},{"issue":"10","key":"B4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1","article-title":"Short- and long-term outcomes associated with anal sacculectomy in dogs with massive apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma","author":"Griffin MA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Griffin MA, Mayhew PD, Culp WTN, et al. Short- and long-term outcomes associated with anal sacculectomy in dogs with massive apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2023;261(10):1\u20138. doi:10.2460\/javma.23.02.0102"},{"issue":"2","key":"B5","series-title":"Vet Comp Oncol","first-page":"327","article-title":"A relatively high proportion of dogs with small apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) primary tumours present with locoregional lymph node metastasis","author":"Jones AE","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jones AE, Wustefeld-Janssens BG. A relatively high proportion of dogs with small apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) primary tumours present with locoregional lymph node metastasis. Vet Comp Oncol. 2023;21(2):327\u2013331. doi:10.1111\/vco.12890"},{"issue":"3","key":"B6","series-title":"Vet Comp Oncol","first-page":"1073","article-title":"Outcome in dogs with advanced (stage 3b) anal sac gland carcinoma treated with surgery or hypofractionated radiation therapy","author":"Meier V","year":"2017","unstructured":"Meier V, Polton G, Cancedda S, et al. Outcome in dogs with advanced (stage 3b) anal sac gland carcinoma treated with surgery or hypofractionated radiation therapy. Vet Comp Oncol. 2017;15(3):1073\u20131086. doi:10.1111\/vco.12248"},{"issue":"3","key":"B7","series-title":"Vet Comp Oncol","first-page":"125","article-title":"Breed, gender and neutering status of british dogs with anal sac gland carcinoma","author":"Polton GA","year":"2006","unstructured":"Polton GA, Mowat V, Lee HC, McKee KA, Scase TJ. Breed, gender and neutering status of british dogs with anal sac gland carcinoma. Vet Comp Oncol. 2006;4(3):125\u2013131. doi:10.1111\/j.1476-5829.2006.00100.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"B8","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"274","article-title":"Clinical stage, therapy, and prognosis in canine anal sac gland carcinoma","author":"Polton GA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Polton GA, Brearley MJ. Clinical stage, therapy, and prognosis in canine anal sac gland carcinoma. J Vet Intern Med. 2007;21(2):274\u2013280. doi:10.1892\/0891-6640(2007)21[274:cstapi]2.0.co;2"},{"issue":"2","key":"B9","series-title":"Vet Comp Oncol","first-page":"94","article-title":"Postoperative radiotherapy and mitoxantrone for anal sac adenocarcinoma in the dog: 15 cases (1991\u20132001)","author":"Turek MM","year":"2003","unstructured":"Turek MM, Forrest LJ, Adams WM, Helfand SC, Vail DM. Postoperative radiotherapy and mitoxantrone for anal sac adenocarcinoma in the dog: 15 cases (1991\u20132001). Vet Comp Oncol. 2003;1(2):94\u2013104. doi:10.1046\/j.1476-5829.2003.00013.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"B10","series-title":"Vet Med Sci","first-page":"e1324","article-title":"Association between total hypercalcaemia and iliosacral lymph node metastasis in dogs diagnosed with anal sac adenocarcinoma using abdominal ultrasonography","author":"Toth D","year":"2024","unstructured":"Toth D, Upchurch D, Hallman RM. Association between total hypercalcaemia and iliosacral lymph node metastasis in dogs diagnosed with anal sac adenocarcinoma using abdominal ultrasonography. Vet Med Sci. 2024;10(1):e1324. doi:10.1002\/vms3.1324"},{"issue":"9","key":"B11","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"929","article-title":"Complications associated with iliosacral lymphadenectomy in dogs with metastatic apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma","author":"Huerta Y","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huerta Y, De Mello Souza CH, Selmic LE, et al. Complications associated with iliosacral lymphadenectomy in dogs with metastatic apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma. Can Vet J. 2022;63(9):929\u2013934. doi:10.1111\/vco.12748"},{"issue":"(suppl 1)","key":"B12","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"59","article-title":"Laparoscopic extirpation of the medial iliac lymph nodes in normal dogs","author":"Steffey MA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Steffey MA, Daniel L, Mayhew PD, Affolter VK, Soares JH, Fuller MC. Laparoscopic extirpation of the medial iliac lymph nodes in normal dogs. Vet Surg. 2015;44(suppl 1):59\u201365. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12207.x"},{"issue":"9","key":"B13","series-title":"J Vet Med Sci","first-page":"1603","article-title":"Bilateral medial iliac lymph node excision by a ventral laparoscopic approach: technique description","author":"Lim H","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lim H, Kim J, Li L, et al. Bilateral medial iliac lymph node excision by a ventral laparoscopic approach: technique description. J Vet Med Sci. 2017;79(9):1603\u20131610. doi:10.1292\/jvms.16-0627"},{"issue":"1","key":"B14","series-title":"Vet Sci","first-page":"33","article-title":"Use of minimally invasive surgery in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer in dogs and cats","author":"Balsa IM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Balsa IM, Culp WTN. Use of minimally invasive surgery in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer in dogs and cats. Vet Sci. 2019;6(1):33. doi:10.3390\/vetsci6010033"},{"issue":"6","key":"B15","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"1185","article-title":"Near-infrared fluorescence-guided minimally invasive surgery for iliosacral lymph node removal in 18 dogs (2023\u20132025)","author":"Monti S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Monti S, Brandao F, Drudi D, et al. Near-infrared fluorescence-guided minimally invasive surgery for iliosacral lymph node removal in 18 dogs (2023\u20132025). Vet Surg. 2025;54(6):1185\u20131195. doi:10.1111\/vsu.14289"},{"issue":"3","key":"B16","series-title":"Vet Comp Oncol","first-page":"215","article-title":"Incorporation of sentinel lymph node mapping in dogs with mast cell tumours: 20 consecutive procedures","author":"Worley DR","year":"2014","unstructured":"Worley DR. Incorporation of sentinel lymph node mapping in dogs with mast cell tumours: 20 consecutive procedures. Vet Comp Oncol. 2014;12(3):215\u2013226. doi:10.1111\/j.1476-5829.2012.00354.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"B17","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","first-page":"148","article-title":"Pulmonary lymph node charting in normal dogs with blue dye and scintigraphic lymphatic mapping","author":"Tuohy JL","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tuohy JL, Worley DR. Pulmonary lymph node charting in normal dogs with blue dye and scintigraphic lymphatic mapping. Res Vet Sci. 2014;97(1):148\u2013155. doi:10.1016\/j.rvsc.2014.07.002"},{"issue":"5","key":"B18","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"602","article-title":"Preoperative planar lymphoscintigraphy allows for sentinel lymph node detection in 51 dogs improving staging accuracy: feasibility and pitfalls","author":"Manfredi M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Manfredi M, De Zani D, Chiti LE, et al. Preoperative planar lymphoscintigraphy allows for sentinel lymph node detection in 51 dogs improving staging accuracy: feasibility and pitfalls. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2021;62(5):602\u2013609. doi:10.1111\/vru.12995"},{"issue":"2","key":"B19","series-title":"Vet Comp Oncol","first-page":"178","article-title":"The role of sentinel lymph node mapping in small animal veterinary medicine: a comparison with current approaches in human medicine","author":"Beer P","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beer P, Pozzi A, Rohrer Bley C, Bacon N, Pfammatter NS, Venzin C. The role of sentinel lymph node mapping in small animal veterinary medicine: a comparison with current approaches in human medicine. Vet Comp Oncol. 2018;16(2):178\u2013187. doi:10.1111\/vco.12372"},{"issue":"3","key":"B20","series-title":"Vet Comp Oncol","first-page":"740","article-title":"Use of indirect lymphography to identify sentinel lymph node in dogs: a pilot study in 30 tumours","author":"Brissot HN","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brissot HN, Edery EG. Use of indirect lymphography to identify sentinel lymph node in dogs: a pilot study in 30 tumours. Vet Comp Oncol. 2017;15(3):740\u2013753. doi:10.1111\/vco.12214"},{"issue":"4","key":"B21","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"671","article-title":"Augmenting laparoscopic surgery with fluorescence imaging","author":"Thomson C","year":"2024","unstructured":"Thomson C. Augmenting laparoscopic surgery with fluorescence imaging. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2024;54(4):671\u2013683. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2024.02.004"},{"issue":"3","key":"B22","series-title":"J Surg Oncol","first-page":"323","article-title":"The clinical use of indocyanine green as a near-infrared fluorescent contrast agent for image-guided oncologic surgery","author":"Schaafsma BE","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schaafsma BE, Mieog JS, Hutteman M, et al. The clinical use of indocyanine green as a near-infrared fluorescent contrast agent for image-guided oncologic surgery. J Surg Oncol. 2011;104(3):323\u2013332. doi:10.1002\/jso.21943"},{"key":"B23","series-title":"Int J Biomed Imaging","first-page":"940585","article-title":"A review of indocyanine green fluorescent imaging in surgery","author":"Alander JT","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alander JT, Kaartinen I, Laakso A, et al. A review of indocyanine green fluorescent imaging in surgery. Int J Biomed Imaging. 2012;2012:940585. doi:10.1155\/2012\/940585"},{"issue":"1","key":"B24","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"36","article-title":"Oncologic procedures amenable to fluorescence-guided surgery","author":"Tipirneni KE","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tipirneni KE, Warram JM, Moore LS, et al. Oncologic procedures amenable to fluorescence-guided surgery. Ann Surg. 2017;266(1):36\u201347. doi:10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002127"},{"issue":"5","key":"B25","series-title":"Ci\u00eancia Rural","first-page":"e20230388","article-title":"Different sites of application of methylene blue for laparoscopic lymphadenectomy of the left medial iliac lymph node in dogs","author":"Nascimento B","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nascimento B, Guerra D, Casassola I, et al. Different sites of application of methylene blue for laparoscopic lymphadenectomy of the left medial iliac lymph node in dogs. Ci\u00eancia Rural. 2025;55(5):e20230388. doi:10.1590\/0103-8478cr20230388"},{"key":"B26","series-title":"Small Animal Laparoscopy and Thoracoscopy","article-title":"The role of laparoscopy in cancer staging","author":"Steffey MA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Steffey MA. The role of laparoscopy in cancer staging. In: Fransson BA, Mayhew PD (eds). Small Animal Laparoscopy and Thoracoscopy. Wiley-Blackwell; 2022. doi:10.1002\/9781119666912.ch24"},{"issue":"7","key":"B27","series-title":"World J Surg","first-page":"1663","article-title":"Definition and Classification of Intraoperative Complications (CLASSIC): Delphi study and pilot evaluation","author":"Rosenthal R","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rosenthal R, Hoffmann H, Clavien PA, Bucher HC, Dell-Kuster S. Definition and Classification of Intraoperative Complications (CLASSIC): Delphi study and pilot evaluation. World J Surg. 2015;39(7):1663\u20131671. doi:10.1007\/s00268-015-3003-y"},{"issue":"1","key":"B28","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"61","article-title":"A systematic review of criteria used to report complications in soft tissue and oncologic surgical clinical research studies in dogs and cats","author":"Follette CM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Follette CM, Giuffrida MA, Balsa IM, et al. A systematic review of criteria used to report complications in soft tissue and oncologic surgical clinical research studies in dogs and cats. Vet Surg. 2020;49(1):61\u201369. doi:10.1111\/vsu.13279"},{"issue":"2","key":"B29","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"177","article-title":"The accordion severity grading system of surgical complications","author":"Strasberg SM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Strasberg SM, Linehan DC, Hawkins WG. The accordion severity grading system of surgical complications. Ann Surg. 2009;250(2):177\u2013186. doi:10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181afde41"},{"issue":"3","key":"B30","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"295","article-title":"Indirect computed tomographic lymphography for iliosacral lymphatic mapping in a cohort of dogs with anal sac gland adenocarcinoma: technique description","author":"Majeski SA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Majeski SA, Steffey MA, Fuller M, Hunt GB, Mayhew PD, Pollard RE. Indirect computed tomographic lymphography for iliosacral lymphatic mapping in a cohort of dogs with anal sac gland adenocarcinoma: technique description. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2017;58(3):295\u2013303. doi:10.1111\/vru.12482"},{"issue":"7","key":"B31","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"904","article-title":"Minimally invasive treatment of idiopathic chylothorax in dogs by thoracoscopic thoracic duct ligation and subphrenic pericardiectomy: 6 cases (2007\u20132010)","author":"Mayhew PD","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mayhew PD, Culp WT, Mayhew KN, Morgan OD. Minimally invasive treatment of idiopathic chylothorax in dogs by thoracoscopic thoracic duct ligation and subphrenic pericardiectomy: 6 cases (2007\u20132010). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2012;241(7):904\u2013909. doi:10.2460\/javma.241.7.904"},{"issue":"2","key":"B32","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"267","article-title":"Use of direct near-infrared fluorescent lymphography for thoracoscopic thoracic duct identification in 15 dogs with chylothorax","author":"Steffey MA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Steffey MA, Mayhew PD. Use of direct near-infrared fluorescent lymphography for thoracoscopic thoracic duct identification in 15 dogs with chylothorax. Vet Surg. 2018;47(2):267\u2013276. doi:10.1111\/vsu.12740"},{"issue":"2","key":"B33","series-title":"Vet Comp Oncol","first-page":"295","article-title":"Determining agreement between preoperative computed tomography lymphography and indocyanine green near infrared fluorescence intraoperative imaging for sentinel lymph node mapping in dogs with oral tumours","author":"Wan J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wan J, Oblak ML, Ram A, Singh A, Nykamp S. Determining agreement between preoperative computed tomography lymphography and indocyanine green near infrared fluorescence intraoperative imaging for sentinel lymph node mapping in dogs with oral tumours. Vet Comp Oncol. 2021;19(2):295\u2013303. doi:10.1111\/vco.12675"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/6\/ajvr.25.12.0428.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/6\/ajvr.25.12.0428.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/6\/ajvr.25.12.0428.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T12:37:21Z","timestamp":1780058241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/6\/ajvr.25.12.0428.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.25.12.0428","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}}}