{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:42:25Z","timestamp":1792680145959,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p content-type=\"noindent\">To investigate associations between contralateral (left-right) hoof width asymmetry and vertical movement asymmetry in racing Thoroughbreds. We hypothesized that forehoof differences would be associated with poll and withers movement asymmetry and hind hoof differences with pelvis movement asymmetry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p content-type=\"noindent\">\n                      This observational cross-sectional study included 169 Thoroughbred racehorses recently retired from clockwise racing and assessed the day of scheduled farriery work. Contralateral hoof width differences were quantified and movement asymmetry during trot measured using inertial sensors placed on the poll, withers, and pelvis. A primary outcome was the difference in upward movement amplitude between the left and right stance phases (upDiff). Based on measured contralateral hoof width differences, horses were categorized post hoc by the side of the wider hoof, and between-group differences in movement asymmetry were quantified using effect sizes (Cohen\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p content-type=\"noindent\">\n                      70% of horses had wider right forehooves and 65% wider right hind hooves. Forehoof width asymmetry was associated with differences in upDiff at the poll (Cohen\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.82) and withers (Cohen\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.73), with greater vertical displacement during stance of wider hoof. Hind hoof width asymmetry was not associated with pelvic upDiff but at the poll (Cohen\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.57) and withers (Cohen\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.60).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p content-type=\"noindent\">Forelimb hoof width asymmetry was associated with poll and withers movement asymmetry, whereas hind hoof width asymmetry was not associated with pelvic movement asymmetry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p content-type=\"noindent\">Assessment of forehoof width asymmetry may aid interpretation of head and withers movement asymmetry during lameness evaluation and inform hoof care and training management in racehorses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.12.0437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T16:42:04Z","timestamp":1771864924000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hoof and movement asymmetry in Thoroughbred racehorses with predominantly single direction training"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Zoe Y. S.","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winnie","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong Jockey Club, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anetta","family":"Slobodova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong Jockey Club, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca S. V.","family":"Parkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong Jockey Club, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bronte","family":"Forbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong Jockey Club, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thilo","family":"Pfau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"22","key":"B1","series-title":"Animals (Basel)","first-page":"3119","article-title":"Hoof matters: developing an athletic Thoroughbred hoof","volume":"12","author":"Hobbs SJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hobbs SJ, Curtis S, Martin J, Sinclair J, Clayton HM. Hoof matters: developing an athletic Thoroughbred hoof. Animals (Basel). 2022;12(22):3119. doi:10.3390\/ani12223119"},{"issue":"5","key":"B2","series-title":"Equine Vet J.","first-page":"765","article-title":"Effect of age at training initiation on hoof morphology and lameness in juvenile American Quarter Horses","volume":"55","author":"Kawahisa-Piquini G","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kawahisa-Piquini G, Bass LD, Pezzanite LM, Moorman VJ. Effect of age at training initiation on hoof morphology and lameness in juvenile American Quarter Horses. Equine Vet J. 2023;55(5):765\u2013776. doi:10.1111\/evj.13913"},{"issue":"7","key":"B3","series-title":"Animals (Basel)","first-page":"1086","article-title":"Associations between racing Thoroughbred movement asymmetries and racing and training direction","volume":"14","author":"Forbes B","year":"2024","unstructured":"Forbes B, Ho W, Parkes RSV, Sepulveda Caviedes MF, Pfau T, Martel DR. Associations between racing Thoroughbred movement asymmetries and racing and training direction. Animals (Basel). 2024;14(7):1086. doi:10.3390\/ani14071086"},{"key":"B4","series-title":"Vet J.","first-page":"e20","article-title":"Kinetics of the forelimb in horses circling on different ground surfaces at the trot","volume":"198","author":"Chateau H","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chateau H, Camus M, Holden-Douilly L, et al. Kinetics of the forelimb in horses circling on different ground surfaces at the trot. Vet J. 2013;198(suppl 1):e20\u2013e26. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.09.028"},{"issue":"38","key":"B5","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"417","article-title":"Inertial sensors for assessment of back movement in horses during locomotion over ground","author":"Warner SM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Warner SM, Koch TO, Pfau T. Inertial sensors for assessment of back movement in horses during locomotion over ground. Equine Vet J. 2010;(38):417\u2013424. doi:10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00200.x"},{"issue":"pt 13","key":"B6","series-title":"J Exp Biol.","first-page":"2503","article-title":"A method for deriving displacement data during cyclical movement using an inertial sensor","volume":"208","author":"Pfau T","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pfau T, Witte TH, Wilson AM. A method for deriving displacement data during cyclical movement using an inertial sensor. J Exp Biol. 2005;208(pt 13):2503\u20132514. doi:10.1242\/jeb.01658"},{"issue":"1","key":"B7","series-title":"Equine Vet J.","first-page":"117","article-title":"Head, withers and pelvic movement asymmetry and their relative timing in trot in racing Thoroughbreds in training","volume":"50","author":"Pfau T","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pfau T, Noordwijk K, Sepulveda Caviedes MF, et al. Head, withers and pelvic movement asymmetry and their relative timing in trot in racing Thoroughbreds in training. Equine Vet J. 2018;50(1):117\u2013124. doi:10.1111\/evj.12705"},{"issue":"8","key":"B8","series-title":"J Biomech.","first-page":"1522","article-title":"Accuracy and precision of hind limb foot contact timings of horses determined using a pelvis-mounted inertial measurement unit","volume":"45","author":"Starke SD","year":"2012","unstructured":"Starke SD, Witte TH, May SA, Pfau T. Accuracy and precision of hind limb foot contact timings of horses determined using a pelvis-mounted inertial measurement unit. J Biomech. 2012;45(8):1522\u20131528. doi:10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.03.014"},{"key":"B9","series-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences.","author":"Cohen J","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. L. Erlbaum Associates; 1988."},{"issue":"24","key":"B10","series-title":"Animals (Basel)","first-page":"3498","article-title":"Investigation of thresholds for asymmetry indices to represent the visual assessment of single limb lameness by expert veterinarians on horses trotting in a straight line","volume":"12","author":"Macaire C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Macaire C, Hanne-Poujade S, De Azevedo E, et al. Investigation of thresholds for asymmetry indices to represent the visual assessment of single limb lameness by expert veterinarians on horses trotting in a straight line. Animals (Basel). 2022;12(24):3498. doi:10.3390\/ani12243498"},{"issue":"6","key":"B11","series-title":"Equine Vet J.","first-page":"818","article-title":"Vertical movement symmetry of the withers in horses with induced forelimb and hindlimb lameness at trot","volume":"50","author":"Rhodin M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rhodin M, Persson-Sjodin E, Egenvall A, et al. 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J Equine Vet Sci. 1986;6(6):310\u2013314. doi:10.1016\/S0737-0806(86)80005-3"},{"issue":"23","key":"B15","series-title":"Equine Vet J.","first-page":"102","article-title":"Compensatory movements of horses with a stance phase lameness","author":"Uhlir C","year":"1997","unstructured":"Uhlir C, Licka T, K\u00fcbber P, Peham C, Scheidl M, Girtler D. Compensatory movements of horses with a stance phase lameness. Equine Vet J. 1997;(23):102\u2013105. doi:10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1997.tb05065.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"B16","series-title":"Equine Vet J.","first-page":"652","article-title":"Comparison of an inertial sensor system of lameness quantification with subjective lameness evaluation","volume":"44","author":"McCracken MJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"McCracken MJ, Kramer J, Keegan KG, et al. Comparison of an inertial sensor system of lameness quantification with subjective lameness evaluation. 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Vet J. 2013;198(suppl 1):e46\u2013e51. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.09.032"},{"issue":"4","key":"B19","series-title":"Animals.","first-page":"29","article-title":"Does a 4\u20136 week shoeing interval promote optimal foot balance in the working equine?","volume":"7","author":"Le\u015bniak K","year":"2017","unstructured":"Le\u015bniak K, Williams J, Kuznik K, Douglas P. Does a 4\u20136 week shoeing interval promote optimal foot balance in the working equine? Animals. 2017;7(4):29. doi:10.3390\/ani7040029"},{"issue":"8","key":"B20","series-title":"Vet R.","first-page":"195","article-title":"Changes in movement symmetry over the stages of the shoeing process in military working horses","volume":"179","author":"Pfau T","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pfau T, Daly K, Davison J, Bould A, Housby N, Weller R. Changes in movement symmetry over the stages of the shoeing process in military working horses. Vet R. 2016;179(8):195. doi:10.1136\/vr.103516"},{"issue":"2","key":"B21","series-title":"Sustainability.","first-page":"539","article-title":"Effects of racing surface and turn radius on fatal limb fractures in Thoroughbred racehorses","volume":"13","author":"Peterson M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peterson M, Sanderson W, Kussainov N, et al. Effects of racing surface and turn radius on fatal limb fractures in Thoroughbred racehorses. Sustainability. 2021;13(2):539. doi:10.3390\/su13020539"},{"issue":"1","key":"B22","series-title":"Equine Vet J.","first-page":"77","article-title":"Noncatastrophic and catastrophic fractures in racing Thoroughbreds at the Hong Kong Jockey Club","volume":"51","author":"Sun TC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sun TC, Riggs CM, Cogger N, Wright J, Al-Alawneh JI. Noncatastrophic and catastrophic fractures in racing Thoroughbreds at the Hong Kong Jockey Club. Equine Vet J. 2019;51(1):77\u201382. doi:10.1111\/evj.12953"},{"key":"B23","series-title":"Vet J.","first-page":"11","article-title":"On the brink of daily clinical application of objective gait analysis: what evidence do we have so far from studies using an induced lameness model?","volume":"234","author":"Serra Bragan\u00e7a FM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Serra Bragan\u00e7a FM, Rhodin M, van Weeren PR. On the brink of daily clinical application of objective gait analysis: what evidence do we have so far from studies using an induced lameness model? Vet J. 2018;234:11\u201323. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.01.006"},{"issue":"9","key":"B24","series-title":"Am J Vet Res.","first-page":"1156","article-title":"Assessment of repeatability of a wireless inertial sensor-based lameness evaluation system for horses","volume":"72","author":"Keegan KG","year":"2011","unstructured":"Keegan KG, Kramer J, Yonezawa Y, et al. Assessment of repeatability of a wireless inertial sensor-based lameness evaluation system for horses. Am J Vet Res. 2011;72(9):1156\u20131163. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.72.9.1156"},{"issue":"2","key":"B25","series-title":"Vet R.","first-page":"48","article-title":"Mediolateral hoof balance in relation to the handedness of apprentice farriers","volume":"168","author":"Ronchetti A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ronchetti A, Day P, Weller R. Mediolateral hoof balance in relation to the handedness of apprentice farriers. Vet R. 2011;168(2):48\u201348. doi:10.1136\/vr.c5993"},{"issue":"22","key":"B1","series-title":"Animals (Basel)","first-page":"3119","article-title":"Hoof matters: developing an athletic Thoroughbred hoof","volume":"12","author":"Hobbs SJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hobbs SJ, Curtis S, Martin J, Sinclair J, Clayton HM. Hoof matters: developing an athletic Thoroughbred hoof. Animals (Basel). 2022;12(22):3119. doi:10.3390\/ani12223119"},{"issue":"5","key":"B2","series-title":"Equine Vet J.","first-page":"765","article-title":"Effect of age at training initiation on hoof morphology and lameness in juvenile American Quarter Horses","volume":"55","author":"Kawahisa-Piquini G","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kawahisa-Piquini G, Bass LD, Pezzanite LM, Moorman VJ. Effect of age at training initiation on hoof morphology and lameness in juvenile American Quarter Horses. Equine Vet J. 2023;55(5):765\u2013776. doi:10.1111\/evj.13913"},{"issue":"7","key":"B3","series-title":"Animals (Basel)","first-page":"1086","article-title":"Associations between racing Thoroughbred movement asymmetries and racing and training direction","volume":"14","author":"Forbes B","year":"2024","unstructured":"Forbes B, Ho W, Parkes RSV, Sepulveda Caviedes MF, Pfau T, Martel DR. Associations between racing Thoroughbred movement asymmetries and racing and training direction. Animals (Basel). 2024;14(7):1086. doi:10.3390\/ani14071086"},{"key":"B4","series-title":"Vet J.","first-page":"e20","article-title":"Kinetics of the forelimb in horses circling on different ground surfaces at the trot","volume":"198","author":"Chateau H","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chateau H, Camus M, Holden-Douilly L, et al. Kinetics of the forelimb in horses circling on different ground surfaces at the trot. Vet J. 2013;198(suppl 1):e20\u2013e26. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.09.028"},{"issue":"38","key":"B5","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"417","article-title":"Inertial sensors for assessment of back movement in horses during locomotion over ground","author":"Warner SM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Warner SM, Koch TO, Pfau T. Inertial sensors for assessment of back movement in horses during locomotion over ground. 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Equine Vet J. 2018;50(1):117\u2013124. doi:10.1111\/evj.12705"},{"issue":"8","key":"B8","series-title":"J Biomech.","first-page":"1522","article-title":"Accuracy and precision of hind limb foot contact timings of horses determined using a pelvis-mounted inertial measurement unit","volume":"45","author":"Starke SD","year":"2012","unstructured":"Starke SD, Witte TH, May SA, Pfau T. Accuracy and precision of hind limb foot contact timings of horses determined using a pelvis-mounted inertial measurement unit. J Biomech. 2012;45(8):1522\u20131528. doi:10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.03.014"},{"key":"B9","series-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences.","author":"Cohen J","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. L. 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Vertical movement symmetry of the withers in horses with induced forelimb and hindlimb lameness at trot. Equine Vet J. 2018;50(6):818\u2013824. doi:10.1111\/evj.12844"},{"key":"B12","series-title":"Equine Vet J.","first-page":"32","article-title":"Movement symmetry of the withers can be used to discriminate primary forelimb lameness from compensatory forelimb asymmetry in horses with induced lameness","volume":"48","author":"Persson-Sjodin E","year":"2016","unstructured":"Persson-Sjodin E, Serra Braganca F, Pfau T, et al. Movement symmetry of the withers can be used to discriminate primary forelimb lameness from compensatory forelimb asymmetry in horses with induced lameness. 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Vet J. 2013;198(suppl 1):e46\u2013e51. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.09.032"},{"issue":"4","key":"B19","series-title":"Animals.","first-page":"29","article-title":"Does a 4\u20136 week shoeing interval promote optimal foot balance in the working equine?","volume":"7","author":"Le\u015bniak K","year":"2017","unstructured":"Le\u015bniak K, Williams J, Kuznik K, Douglas P. Does a 4\u20136 week shoeing interval promote optimal foot balance in the working equine? Animals. 2017;7(4):29. doi:10.3390\/ani7040029"},{"issue":"8","key":"B20","series-title":"Vet R.","first-page":"195","article-title":"Changes in movement symmetry over the stages of the shoeing process in military working horses","volume":"179","author":"Pfau T","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pfau T, Daly K, Davison J, Bould A, Housby N, Weller R. Changes in movement symmetry over the stages of the shoeing process in military working horses. 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