{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T15:18:08Z","timestamp":1783005488020,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To investigate the presence of subclinical cranial nuchal bursitis and characterize its histopathologic features and association with\n                      <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This was a prospective descriptive cadaver study on a convenience population of horses in a\n                      <jats:italic>B burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2013endemic region (15 horses: 5 geldings and 10 mares of various breeds; 4 to 29 years old). Horses without history or clinical signs of cranial nuchal bursitis underwent euthanasia and tissue donation. Cranial nuchal bursa, synovial fluid, and nuchal ligament were collected postmortem. The bursa and ligament were evaluated via histopathology, grading inflammation, edema, fibrosis, hemorrhage, and mineralization (each scored 0 = normal to 3 = severe). Lyme multiplex assay on serum and\n                      <jats:italic>B burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                      polymerase chain reaction on bursa were performed. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on 3 samples.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Gross abnormalities were found in 4 horses (mineralization, thickened bursa, synovial effusion, deposits of amorphous material, and adhesions). On histopathology, inflammation was detected in 5 horses, nearly all with 1 or more additional abnormalities (edema, necrosis, fibrosis, and mineralization). The overall histopathology score ranged from 1 to 8. Five horses had positive Lyme multiplex assay antibody titers. Nuchal bursa, ligament, and synovial fluids were negative on\n                      <jats:italic>B burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                      polymerase chain reaction. There was no association between histopathology score and age or Lyme multiplex titers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study identified mild to moderate cranial nuchal bursa and ligament histopathologic changes suggestive of subclinical inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The detection of subclinical gross and histopathologic changes in clinically normal horses warrants further investigation of the predisposing causes and clinical implications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.12.0442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T13:55:33Z","timestamp":1773669333000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Postmortem characterization of cranial nuchal bursa and ligament in healthy horses reveals subclinical gross and histopathologic abnormalities"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Hanna","family":"Sfraga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5255-3756","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elena Alina","family":"Demeter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toby","family":"Pinn-Woodcock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassandra","family":"Guarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittany","family":"Cronk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8922-7927","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marta","family":"Cercone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"B1","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"745","article-title":"The cranial nuchal bursa: anatomy, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging and endoscopic approach","author":"Abuja GA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abuja GA, Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez JM, Manso-D\u00edaz G, Spoormakers TJP, Taeymans O. The cranial nuchal bursa: anatomy, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging and endoscopic approach. Equine Vet J. 2014;46(6):745\u2013750. doi:10.1111\/evj.12226"},{"key":"B2","series-title":"Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy","first-page":"533","article-title":"The neck, back, and vertebral column of the horse","author":"Dyce K","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dyce K, Sack W, Wensing C. The neck, back, and vertebral column of the horse. Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy. 4th ed. Saunders; 2010:533\u2013534."},{"key":"B3","series-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse","first-page":"606","article-title":"The cervical spine and soft tissues of the neck","author":"Ross M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ross M, Dyson S. The cervical spine and soft tissues of the neck. In: Ross M, Dyson S, eds. Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse. 2nd ed. WB Saunders Co; 2011:606\u2013615."},{"issue":"7","key":"B4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"823","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of cranial and caudal nuchal bursitis in four horses","author":"Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez JM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez JM, Jenei T, Chope K, Bubeck KA. Diagnosis and management of cranial and caudal nuchal bursitis in four horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2010;237(7):823\u2013829. doi:10.2460\/JAVMA.237.7.823"},{"issue":"4","key":"B5","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"465","article-title":"Diagnosis, treatment and outcome of cranial nuchal bursitis in 30 horses","author":"Bergren AL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bergren AL, Abuja GA, Bubeck KA, Spoormakers TJP, Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez JM. Diagnosis, treatment and outcome of cranial nuchal bursitis in 30 horses. Equine Vet J. 2018;50(4):465\u2013469. doi:10.1111\/evj.12787"},{"issue":"5","key":"B6","series-title":"Equine Vet Educ","first-page":"e391","article-title":"Treatment of fistulous cranial nuchal bursitis by complete surgical resection in two horses","author":"Corraretti G","year":"2023","unstructured":"Corraretti G, Meulyzer M, Gustafsson K. Treatment of fistulous cranial nuchal bursitis by complete surgical resection in two horses. Equine Vet Educ. 2023;35(5):e391\u2013e397. doi:10.1111\/eve.13735"},{"issue":"11","key":"B7","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1476","article-title":"Association of Borrelia burgdorferi with nuchal bursitis and elevated outer surface protein A\u2013specific serum antibodies in horses of the northeastern United States","author":"Pearson EK","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pearson EK, Guarino C, Cercone M, et al. Association of Borrelia burgdorferi with nuchal bursitis and elevated outer surface protein A\u2013specific serum antibodies in horses of the northeastern United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2024;262(11):1476\u20131484. doi:10.2460\/javma.24.05.0312"},{"issue":"3","key":"B8","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"121","article-title":"A review of brucellosis in the horse","author":"Denny HR","year":"1973","unstructured":"Denny HR. A review of brucellosis in the horse. Equine Vet J. 1973;5(3):121\u2013125. doi:10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1973.tb03208.x"},{"key":"B9","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"743067","article-title":"Case report: nuchal bursitis associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection in a horse","author":"Guarino C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guarino C, Pinn-Woodcock T, Levine DG, Miller J, Johnson AL. Case report: nuchal bursitis associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection in a horse. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8:743067. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2021.743067"},{"issue":"2","key":"B10","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract","first-page":"437","article-title":"Equine synovial fluid analysis","author":"Steel CM","year":"2008","unstructured":"Steel CM. Equine synovial fluid analysis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2008;24(2):437\u2013454. doi:10.1016\/j.cveq.2008.05.004"},{"issue":"6","key":"B11","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"1007","article-title":"Principles for valid histopathologic scoring in research","author":"Gibson-Corley KN","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gibson-Corley KN, Olivier AK, Meyerholz DK. Principles for valid histopathologic scoring in research. Vet Pathol. 2013;50(6):1007\u20131015. doi:10.1177\/0300985813485099"},{"issue":"6","key":"B12","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"1958","article-title":"Quantitative detection of Borrelia burgdorferi by real-time PCR","author":"Pahl A","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pahl A, K\u03cbhlbrandt U, Brune K, R\u00f6llinghoff M, Gessner A. Quantitative detection of Borrelia burgdorferi by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37(6):1958\u20131963. doi:10.1128\/JCM.37.6.1958-1963.1999"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"B13","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"4516","article-title":"Global patterns of 16S rRNA diversity at a depth of millions of sequences per sample","author":"Caporaso JG","year":"2011","unstructured":"Caporaso JG, Lauber CL, Walters WA, et al. Global patterns of 16S rRNA diversity at a depth of millions of sequences per sample. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(suppl 1):4516\u20134522. doi:10.1073\/pnas.1000080107"},{"issue":"1","key":"B14","series-title":"EMBnet J","first-page":"10","article-title":"Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads","author":"Martin M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Martin M. Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. EMBnet J. 2011;17(1):10\u201312. doi:10.14806\/ej.17.1.200"},{"issue":"1","key":"B15","series-title":"Genome Biol","first-page":"257","article-title":"Improved metagenomic analysis with Kraken 2","author":"Wood DE","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wood DE, Lu J, Langmead B. Improved metagenomic analysis with Kraken 2. Genome Biol. 2019;20(1):257. doi:10.1186\/S13059-019-1891-0"},{"issue":"12","key":"B16","series-title":"Nat Protoc","first-page":"2815","article-title":"Metagenome analysis using the Kraken software suite","author":"Lu J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lu J, Rincon N, Wood DE, et al. Metagenome analysis using the Kraken software suite. Nat Protoc. 2022;17(12):2815\u20132839. doi:10.1038\/s41596-022-00738-y"},{"issue":"3","key":"B17","series-title":"Ecol Evol","first-page":"e8603","article-title":"Amplicon_sorter: a tool for reference-free amplicon sorting based on sequence similarity and for building consensus sequences","author":"Vierstraete AR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vierstraete AR, Braeckman BP. Amplicon_sorter: a tool for reference-free amplicon sorting based on sequence similarity and for building consensus sequences. Ecol Evol. 2022;12(3):e8603. doi:10.1002\/ece3.8603"},{"issue":"3","key":"B18","series-title":"J Mol Biol","first-page":"403","article-title":"Basic local alignment search tool","author":"Altschul SF","year":"1990","unstructured":"Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol. 1990;215(3):403\u2013410. doi:10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2"},{"issue":"4","key":"B19","series-title":"Mol Diagn","first-page":"313","article-title":"16S rRNA gene sequencing for bacterial pathogen identification in the clinical laboratory","author":"Patel JB","year":"2001","unstructured":"Patel JB. 16S rRNA gene sequencing for bacterial pathogen identification in the clinical laboratory. Mol Diagn. 2001;6(4):313\u2013321. doi:10.1054\/modi.2001.29158"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"B20","series-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol","first-page":"374","article-title":"Development of a multiplex assay for the detection of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in horses and its validation using Bayesian and conventional statistical methods","author":"Wagner B","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wagner B, Freer H, Rollins A, Erb HN, Lu Z, Gr\u00f6hn Y. Development of a multiplex assay for the detection of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in horses and its validation using Bayesian and conventional statistical methods. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2011;144(3-4):374\u2013381. doi:10.1016\/j.vetimm.2011.08.005"},{"issue":"2","key":"B21","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"617","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi infection and Lyme disease in North American horses: a consensus statement","author":"Divers TJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Divers TJ, Gardner RB, Madigan JE, et al. Borrelia burgdorferi infection and Lyme disease in North American horses: a consensus statement. J Vet Intern Med. 2018;32(2):617\u2013632. doi:10.1111\/jvim.15042"},{"issue":"33","key":"B22","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"4140","article-title":"Vaccination of horses with Lyme vaccines for dogs induces short-lasting antibody responses","author":"Guarino C","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guarino C, Asbie S, Rohde J, Glaser A, Wagner B. Vaccination of horses with Lyme vaccines for dogs induces short-lasting antibody responses. Vaccine. 2017;35(33):4140\u20134147. doi:10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.06.052"},{"issue":"2","key":"B23","series-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med","first-page":"247","article-title":"Polysynovitis in a horse due to Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection \u2013 case study","author":"Passamonti F","year":"2015","unstructured":"Passamonti F, Veronesi F, Cappelli K, et al. Polysynovitis in a horse due to Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection \u2013 case study. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2015;22(2):247\u2013250. doi:10.5604\/12321966.1152074"},{"issue":"6","key":"B24","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"2191","article-title":"PCR-based quantification of Borrelia burgdorferi organisms in canine tissues over a 500-day postinfection period","author":"Straubinger RK","year":"2000","unstructured":"Straubinger RK. PCR-based quantification of Borrelia burgdorferi organisms in canine tissues over a 500-day postinfection period. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38(6):2191\u20132199. doi:10.1128\/JCM.38.6.2191-2199.2000"},{"issue":"1","key":"B25","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"68","article-title":"Experimental infection of ponies with Borrelia burgdorferi by exposure to Ixodid ticks","author":"Chang YF","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chang YF, Novosol V, McDonough SP, et al. Experimental infection of ponies with Borrelia burgdorferi by exposure to Ixodid ticks. Vet Pathol. 2000;37(1):68\u201376. doi:10.1354\/vp.37-1-68"},{"key":"B26","series-title":"Comparative Veterinary Anatomy: a Clinical Approach","first-page":"663","article-title":"Nuchal bursitis","author":"Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez JM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez JM. Nuchal bursitis. In: Orsini JA, ed. Comparative Veterinary Anatomy: a Clinical Approach. Elsevier; 2022:663\u2013669."},{"issue":"2","key":"B27","series-title":"Clin Rheum Dis","first-page":"367","article-title":"Crystal deposition in osteoarthritis: an opportunistic event?","author":"Dieppe P","year":"1985","unstructured":"Dieppe P, Watt I. Crystal deposition in osteoarthritis: an opportunistic event? Clin Rheum Dis. 1985;11(2):367\u2013392. doi:10.1016\/S0307-742X(21)00546-4"},{"issue":"5","key":"B28","series-title":"Am J Clin Pathol","first-page":"773","article-title":"Pathology of the synovium","author":"O\u2019Connell JX","year":"2000","unstructured":"O\u2019Connell JX. Pathology of the synovium. Am J Clin Pathol. 2000;114(5):773\u2013784. doi:10.1309\/LWW3-5XK0-FKG9-HDRK"},{"key":"B29","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"105353","article-title":"An equine cadaver study investigating the relationship between cervical flexion, nuchal ligament elongation and pressure at the first and second cervical vertebra","author":"Dippel M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dippel M, Zsoldos RR, Licka TF. An equine cadaver study investigating the relationship between cervical flexion, nuchal ligament elongation and pressure at the first and second cervical vertebra. Vet J. 2019;252:105353. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2019.105353"},{"issue":"suppl 5","key":"B30","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"F73","article-title":"Brucellosis in the United States: role and significance of wildlife reservoirs","author":"Olsen SC","year":"2010","unstructured":"Olsen SC. Brucellosis in the United States: role and significance of wildlife reservoirs. Vaccine. 2010;28(suppl 5):F73\u2013F76. doi:10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.03.059"},{"issue":"4","key":"B31","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"e00331","article-title":"A brief update on mycobacterial taxonomy, 2020 to 2022","author":"Armstrong DT","year":"2023","unstructured":"Armstrong DT, Eisemann E, Parrish N. A brief update on mycobacterial taxonomy, 2020 to 2022. J Clin Microbiol. 2023;61(4):e00331. doi:10.1128\/jcm.00331-22"},{"issue":"6","key":"B32","series-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"783","article-title":"Mycobacterial synovitis caused by slow-growing nonchromogenic species: eighteen cases and a review of the literature","author":"Olsen RJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Olsen RJ, Cernoch PL, Land GA. Mycobacterial synovitis caused by slow-growing nonchromogenic species: eighteen cases and a review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2006;130(6):783\u2013791. doi:10.5858\/2006-130-783-MSCBSN"},{"issue":"2","key":"B33","series-title":"Infection","first-page":"457","article-title":"Clinical and pathological characteristics of mycobacterial tenosynovitis and arthritis","author":"Hsiao CH","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hsiao CH, Cheng A, Huang YT, Liao CH, Hsueh PR. Clinical and pathological characteristics of mycobacterial tenosynovitis and arthritis. Infection. 2013;41(2):457\u2013464. doi:10.1007\/s15010-013-0403-5"},{"issue":"12","key":"B34","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"2035","article-title":"Septic arthritis and granulomatous synovitis caused by infection with Mycobacterium avium complex in a horse","author":"Hewes CA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hewes CA, Schneider RK, Baszler TV, Oaks JL. Septic arthritis and granulomatous synovitis caused by infection with Mycobacterium avium complex in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005;226(12):2035\u20132038. doi:10.2460\/javma.2005.226.2035"},{"key":"B35","series-title":"Equine Vet Educ","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fatal spinal cord compression in a horse with chronic actinobacterial cranial nuchal bursitis","author":"Mesch H","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mesch H, Frank C, Daniels JB, Acutt E, Contino E. Fatal spinal cord compression in a horse with chronic actinobacterial cranial nuchal bursitis. Equine Vet Educ. 2025:1\u20138. doi:10.1111\/eve.14210"},{"issue":"6","key":"B1","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"745","article-title":"The cranial nuchal bursa: anatomy, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging and endoscopic approach","author":"Abuja GA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abuja GA, Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez JM, Manso-D\u00edaz G, Spoormakers TJP, Taeymans O. The cranial nuchal bursa: anatomy, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging and endoscopic approach. Equine Vet J. 2014;46(6):745\u2013750. doi:10.1111\/evj.12226"},{"key":"B2","series-title":"Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy","first-page":"533","article-title":"The neck, back, and vertebral column of the horse","author":"Dyce K","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dyce K, Sack W, Wensing C. The neck, back, and vertebral column of the horse. Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy. 4th ed. Saunders; 2010:533\u2013534."},{"key":"B3","series-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse","first-page":"606","article-title":"The cervical spine and soft tissues of the neck","author":"Ross M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ross M, Dyson S. The cervical spine and soft tissues of the neck. In: Ross M, Dyson S, eds. Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse. 2nd ed. WB Saunders Co; 2011:606\u2013615."},{"issue":"7","key":"B4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"823","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of cranial and caudal nuchal bursitis in four horses","author":"Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez JM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez JM, Jenei T, Chope K, Bubeck KA. Diagnosis and management of cranial and caudal nuchal bursitis in four horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2010;237(7):823\u2013829. doi:10.2460\/JAVMA.237.7.823"},{"issue":"4","key":"B5","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"465","article-title":"Diagnosis, treatment and outcome of cranial nuchal bursitis in 30 horses","author":"Bergren AL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bergren AL, Abuja GA, Bubeck KA, Spoormakers TJP, Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez JM. Diagnosis, treatment and outcome of cranial nuchal bursitis in 30 horses. Equine Vet J. 2018;50(4):465\u2013469. doi:10.1111\/evj.12787"},{"issue":"5","key":"B6","series-title":"Equine Vet Educ","first-page":"e391","article-title":"Treatment of fistulous cranial nuchal bursitis by complete surgical resection in two horses","author":"Corraretti G","year":"2023","unstructured":"Corraretti G, Meulyzer M, Gustafsson K. Treatment of fistulous cranial nuchal bursitis by complete surgical resection in two horses. Equine Vet Educ. 2023;35(5):e391\u2013e397. doi:10.1111\/eve.13735"},{"issue":"11","key":"B7","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1476","article-title":"Association of Borrelia burgdorferi with nuchal bursitis and elevated outer surface protein A\u2013specific serum antibodies in horses of the northeastern United States","author":"Pearson EK","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pearson EK, Guarino C, Cercone M, et al. Association of Borrelia burgdorferi with nuchal bursitis and elevated outer surface protein A\u2013specific serum antibodies in horses of the northeastern United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2024;262(11):1476\u20131484. doi:10.2460\/javma.24.05.0312"},{"issue":"3","key":"B8","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"121","article-title":"A review of brucellosis in the horse","author":"Denny HR","year":"1973","unstructured":"Denny HR. A review of brucellosis in the horse. Equine Vet J. 1973;5(3):121\u2013125. doi:10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1973.tb03208.x"},{"key":"B9","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"743067","article-title":"Case report: nuchal bursitis associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection in a horse","author":"Guarino C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guarino C, Pinn-Woodcock T, Levine DG, Miller J, Johnson AL. Case report: nuchal bursitis associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection in a horse. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8:743067. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2021.743067"},{"issue":"2","key":"B10","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract","first-page":"437","article-title":"Equine synovial fluid analysis","author":"Steel CM","year":"2008","unstructured":"Steel CM. Equine synovial fluid analysis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2008;24(2):437\u2013454. doi:10.1016\/j.cveq.2008.05.004"},{"issue":"6","key":"B11","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"1007","article-title":"Principles for valid histopathologic scoring in research","author":"Gibson-Corley KN","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gibson-Corley KN, Olivier AK, Meyerholz DK. Principles for valid histopathologic scoring in research. Vet Pathol. 2013;50(6):1007\u20131015. doi:10.1177\/0300985813485099"},{"issue":"6","key":"B12","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"1958","article-title":"Quantitative detection of Borrelia burgdorferi by real-time PCR","author":"Pahl A","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pahl A, K\u03cbhlbrandt U, Brune K, R\u00f6llinghoff M, Gessner A. Quantitative detection of Borrelia burgdorferi by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37(6):1958\u20131963. doi:10.1128\/JCM.37.6.1958-1963.1999"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"B13","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"4516","article-title":"Global patterns of 16S rRNA diversity at a depth of millions of sequences per sample","author":"Caporaso JG","year":"2011","unstructured":"Caporaso JG, Lauber CL, Walters WA, et al. Global patterns of 16S rRNA diversity at a depth of millions of sequences per sample. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(suppl 1):4516\u20134522. doi:10.1073\/pnas.1000080107"},{"issue":"1","key":"B14","series-title":"EMBnet J","first-page":"10","article-title":"Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads","author":"Martin M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Martin M. Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. EMBnet J. 2011;17(1):10\u201312. doi:10.14806\/ej.17.1.200"},{"issue":"1","key":"B15","series-title":"Genome Biol","first-page":"257","article-title":"Improved metagenomic analysis with Kraken 2","author":"Wood DE","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wood DE, Lu J, Langmead B. Improved metagenomic analysis with Kraken 2. Genome Biol. 2019;20(1):257. doi:10.1186\/S13059-019-1891-0"},{"issue":"12","key":"B16","series-title":"Nat Protoc","first-page":"2815","article-title":"Metagenome analysis using the Kraken software suite","author":"Lu J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lu J, Rincon N, Wood DE, et al. Metagenome analysis using the Kraken software suite. Nat Protoc. 2022;17(12):2815\u20132839. doi:10.1038\/s41596-022-00738-y"},{"issue":"3","key":"B17","series-title":"Ecol Evol","first-page":"e8603","article-title":"Amplicon_sorter: a tool for reference-free amplicon sorting based on sequence similarity and for building consensus sequences","author":"Vierstraete AR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vierstraete AR, Braeckman BP. Amplicon_sorter: a tool for reference-free amplicon sorting based on sequence similarity and for building consensus sequences. Ecol Evol. 2022;12(3):e8603. doi:10.1002\/ece3.8603"},{"issue":"3","key":"B18","series-title":"J Mol Biol","first-page":"403","article-title":"Basic local alignment search tool","author":"Altschul SF","year":"1990","unstructured":"Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol. 1990;215(3):403\u2013410. doi:10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2"},{"issue":"4","key":"B19","series-title":"Mol Diagn","first-page":"313","article-title":"16S rRNA gene sequencing for bacterial pathogen identification in the clinical laboratory","author":"Patel JB","year":"2001","unstructured":"Patel JB. 16S rRNA gene sequencing for bacterial pathogen identification in the clinical laboratory. Mol Diagn. 2001;6(4):313\u2013321. doi:10.1054\/modi.2001.29158"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"B20","series-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol","first-page":"374","article-title":"Development of a multiplex assay for the detection of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in horses and its validation using Bayesian and conventional statistical methods","author":"Wagner B","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wagner B, Freer H, Rollins A, Erb HN, Lu Z, Gr\u00f6hn Y. Development of a multiplex assay for the detection of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in horses and its validation using Bayesian and conventional statistical methods. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2011;144(3-4):374\u2013381. doi:10.1016\/j.vetimm.2011.08.005"},{"issue":"2","key":"B21","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"617","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi infection and Lyme disease in North American horses: a consensus statement","author":"Divers TJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Divers TJ, Gardner RB, Madigan JE, et al. Borrelia burgdorferi infection and Lyme disease in North American horses: a consensus statement. J Vet Intern Med. 2018;32(2):617\u2013632. doi:10.1111\/jvim.15042"},{"issue":"33","key":"B22","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"4140","article-title":"Vaccination of horses with Lyme vaccines for dogs induces short-lasting antibody responses","author":"Guarino C","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guarino C, Asbie S, Rohde J, Glaser A, Wagner B. Vaccination of horses with Lyme vaccines for dogs induces short-lasting antibody responses. Vaccine. 2017;35(33):4140\u20134147. doi:10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.06.052"},{"issue":"2","key":"B23","series-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med","first-page":"247","article-title":"Polysynovitis in a horse due to Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection \u2013 case study","author":"Passamonti F","year":"2015","unstructured":"Passamonti F, Veronesi F, Cappelli K, et al. Polysynovitis in a horse due to Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection \u2013 case study. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2015;22(2):247\u2013250. doi:10.5604\/12321966.1152074"},{"issue":"6","key":"B24","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"2191","article-title":"PCR-based quantification of Borrelia burgdorferi organisms in canine tissues over a 500-day postinfection period","author":"Straubinger RK","year":"2000","unstructured":"Straubinger RK. PCR-based quantification of Borrelia burgdorferi organisms in canine tissues over a 500-day postinfection period. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38(6):2191\u20132199. doi:10.1128\/JCM.38.6.2191-2199.2000"},{"issue":"1","key":"B25","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"68","article-title":"Experimental infection of ponies with Borrelia burgdorferi by exposure to Ixodid ticks","author":"Chang YF","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chang YF, Novosol V, McDonough SP, et al. Experimental infection of ponies with Borrelia burgdorferi by exposure to Ixodid ticks. Vet Pathol. 2000;37(1):68\u201376. doi:10.1354\/vp.37-1-68"},{"key":"B26","series-title":"Comparative Veterinary Anatomy: a Clinical Approach","first-page":"663","article-title":"Nuchal bursitis","author":"Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez JM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez JM. Nuchal bursitis. In: Orsini JA, ed. Comparative Veterinary Anatomy: a Clinical Approach. Elsevier; 2022:663\u2013669."},{"issue":"2","key":"B27","series-title":"Clin Rheum Dis","first-page":"367","article-title":"Crystal deposition in osteoarthritis: an opportunistic event?","author":"Dieppe P","year":"1985","unstructured":"Dieppe P, Watt I. Crystal deposition in osteoarthritis: an opportunistic event? Clin Rheum Dis. 1985;11(2):367\u2013392. doi:10.1016\/S0307-742X(21)00546-4"},{"issue":"5","key":"B28","series-title":"Am J Clin Pathol","first-page":"773","article-title":"Pathology of the synovium","author":"O\u2019Connell JX","year":"2000","unstructured":"O\u2019Connell JX. Pathology of the synovium. Am J Clin Pathol. 2000;114(5):773\u2013784. doi:10.1309\/LWW3-5XK0-FKG9-HDRK"},{"key":"B29","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"105353","article-title":"An equine cadaver study investigating the relationship between cervical flexion, nuchal ligament elongation and pressure at the first and second cervical vertebra","author":"Dippel M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dippel M, Zsoldos RR, Licka TF. An equine cadaver study investigating the relationship between cervical flexion, nuchal ligament elongation and pressure at the first and second cervical vertebra. Vet J. 2019;252:105353. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2019.105353"},{"issue":"suppl 5","key":"B30","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"F73","article-title":"Brucellosis in the United States: role and significance of wildlife reservoirs","author":"Olsen SC","year":"2010","unstructured":"Olsen SC. Brucellosis in the United States: role and significance of wildlife reservoirs. Vaccine. 2010;28(suppl 5):F73\u2013F76. doi:10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.03.059"},{"issue":"4","key":"B31","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"e00331","article-title":"A brief update on mycobacterial taxonomy, 2020 to 2022","author":"Armstrong DT","year":"2023","unstructured":"Armstrong DT, Eisemann E, Parrish N. A brief update on mycobacterial taxonomy, 2020 to 2022. J Clin Microbiol. 2023;61(4):e00331. doi:10.1128\/jcm.00331-22"},{"issue":"6","key":"B32","series-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"783","article-title":"Mycobacterial synovitis caused by slow-growing nonchromogenic species: eighteen cases and a review of the literature","author":"Olsen RJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Olsen RJ, Cernoch PL, Land GA. Mycobacterial synovitis caused by slow-growing nonchromogenic species: eighteen cases and a review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2006;130(6):783\u2013791. doi:10.5858\/2006-130-783-MSCBSN"},{"issue":"2","key":"B33","series-title":"Infection","first-page":"457","article-title":"Clinical and pathological characteristics of mycobacterial tenosynovitis and arthritis","author":"Hsiao CH","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hsiao CH, Cheng A, Huang YT, Liao CH, Hsueh PR. Clinical and pathological characteristics of mycobacterial tenosynovitis and arthritis. Infection. 2013;41(2):457\u2013464. doi:10.1007\/s15010-013-0403-5"},{"issue":"12","key":"B34","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"2035","article-title":"Septic arthritis and granulomatous synovitis caused by infection with Mycobacterium avium complex in a horse","author":"Hewes CA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hewes CA, Schneider RK, Baszler TV, Oaks JL. Septic arthritis and granulomatous synovitis caused by infection with Mycobacterium avium complex in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005;226(12):2035\u20132038. doi:10.2460\/javma.2005.226.2035"},{"key":"B35","series-title":"Equine Vet Educ","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fatal spinal cord compression in a horse with chronic actinobacterial cranial nuchal bursitis","author":"Mesch H","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mesch H, Frank C, Daniels JB, Acutt E, Contino E. Fatal spinal cord compression in a horse with chronic actinobacterial cranial nuchal bursitis. Equine Vet Educ. 2025:1\u20138. doi:10.1111\/eve.14210"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/7\/ajvr.25.12.0442.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/7\/ajvr.25.12.0442.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/7\/ajvr.25.12.0442.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T14:55:13Z","timestamp":1783004113000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/7\/ajvr.25.12.0442.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.25.12.0442","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]}}}