{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T13:12:30Z","timestamp":1780060350632,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate clinical outcomes and complications of 10-mm radial tibial plateau-leveling osteotomy (TPLO) using a 10-mm radial blade in small dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective, observational study reviewed medical records of small-breed dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease that underwent unilateral or bilateral 10-mm radial TPLO at 2 veterinary referral hospitals from August 2022 through May 2025. Clinical and radiographic outcomes were assessed at 8 to 14 weeks and \u2265 6 months postoperatively. Kinetic gait analysis was performed preoperatively and at 2 to 24 weeks postoperatively in a subset. Long-term outcomes were supplemented by owner interviews \u2265 6 months postoperatively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lameness scores improved from 3.2 \u00b1 1.5 preoperatively to 0.9 \u00b1 1.0 (short-term) and 0.1 \u00b1 0.3 at long-term follow-up. Bone healing scores improved from 1.5 \u00b1 0.6 at short-term to 1.0 \u00b1 0.0 at long-term evaluation, indicating complete union in all cases. Peak vertical force, vertical impulse, and symmetry indices improved over time. Owner-assessed outcomes (n = 40) were excellent in 36 stifles (90%) and good in 4 (10%). Complications occurred in 3 stifles (6.0%), 2 major and 1 minor; all resolved without long-term morbidity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TPLO performed with a 10-mm radial blade was associated with significant improvements in clinical, kinetic, and radiographic outcomes with a low overall complication rate in small-breed dogs, although kinetic data were available only for a subset of cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 10-mm radial TPLO achieved excellent clinical, kinetic, and radiographic outcomes with a low complication rate in small-breed dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.12.0443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T17:07:48Z","timestamp":1772471268000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["10-millimeter radial tibial plateau-leveling osteotomy can achieve favorable outcomes with low complication rates in small-breed dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9991-6234","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Changsu","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"JCS Animal Surgical Center, Goyang-si, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8912-6648","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joomin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JCS Animal Surgical Center, Goyang-si, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8499-8047","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seo-Young","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JCS Animal Surgical Center, Goyang-si, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0535-5304","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Balkeum","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2419-1775","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Byung-Jae","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"B1","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"93","article-title":"Applications of evidence-based medicine: cranial cruciate ligament injury repair in the dog","author":"Aragon CL","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aragon CL, Budsberg SC. Applications of evidence-based medicine: cranial cruciate ligament injury repair in the dog. Vet Surg. 2005;34(2):93\u201398. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950x.2005.00016.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"B2","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"43","article-title":"A survey of orthopaedic conditions in small animal veterinary practice in Britain","author":"Ness MG","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ness MG, Abercromby RH, May C, Turner BM, Carmichael S. A survey of orthopaedic conditions in small animal veterinary practice in Britain. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 1996;9(2):43\u201352. doi:10.1055\/s-0038-1632502"},{"issue":"6","key":"B3","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"478","article-title":"Treatment of canine cranial cruciate ligament disease: a survey of ACVS diplomates and primary care veterinarians","author":"Duerr FM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Duerr FM, Martin K, Rishniw M, Palmer RH, Selmic LE. Treatment of canine cranial cruciate ligament disease: a survey of ACVS diplomates and primary care veterinarians. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2014;27(6):478\u2013483. doi:10.3415\/VCOT-14-03-0047"},{"issue":"6","key":"B4","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"305","article-title":"Short-term outcome and complications of TPLO using anatomically contoured locking compression plates in small\/medium-breed dogs with \u201cexcessive\u201d tibial plateau angle","author":"Barnes DC","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barnes DC, Trinterud T, Owen MR, Bush MA. Short-term outcome and complications of TPLO using anatomically contoured locking compression plates in small\/medium-breed dogs with \u201cexcessive\u201d tibial plateau angle. 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Management of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in small dogs: a questionnaire study. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2013;26(6):493\u2013497. doi:10.3415\/VCOT-12-06-0070"},{"key":"B7","series-title":"Advances in the Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament","first-page":"189","year":"2018","unstructured":"Muir P, ed. Advances in the Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament. 2nd ed. ACVS Foundation; 2018:189\u2013216."},{"issue":"2","key":"B8","series-title":"VCOT Open","first-page":"e143","article-title":"Complications and outcome of cranial cruciate ligament disease in small dogs treated with tiny TTA rapid","author":"Entoft J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Entoft J, Skytte D, Schm\u00f6kel H, Dyall B. Complications and outcome of cranial cruciate ligament disease in small dogs treated with tiny TTA rapid. 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Elsevier Saunders; 2017:1141\u20131159."},{"issue":"2","key":"B13","series-title":"In Pract","first-page":"58","article-title":"Investigation of lameness in dogs","author":"Witte P","year":"2011","unstructured":"Witte P, Scott H. Investigation of lameness in dogs. In Pract. 2011;33(2):58\u201366. doi:10.1136\/inp.d453"},{"key":"B14","series-title":"Canine Lameness","author":"Duerr FM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Duerr FM. Canine Lameness. John Wiley & Sons; 2020."},{"issue":"8","key":"B15","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"931","article-title":"Comparison of TPA, bone healing, and intra-articular screw placement using conventional nonlocked application of surgeon-contoured versus locked application of precontoured TPLO plates in dogs","author":"Krotscheck U","year":"2012","unstructured":"Krotscheck U, Thompson MS, Ryan KK, Mohammed HO. Comparison of TPA, bone healing, and intra-articular screw placement using conventional nonlocked application of surgeon-contoured versus locked application of precontoured TPLO plates in dogs. Vet Surg. 2012;41(8):931\u2013937. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950x.2012.01053.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"B16","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"368","article-title":"Influence of limb positioning and measurement method on the magnitude of the tibial plateau angle","author":"Reif U","year":"2004","unstructured":"Reif U, Dejardin LM, Probst CW, DeCamp CE, Flo GL, Johnson AL. Influence of limb positioning and measurement method on the magnitude of the tibial plateau angle. 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Am J Vet Res. 2002;63(7):979\u2013986. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.2002.63.979"},{"issue":"10","key":"B23","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"543","article-title":"Pilot study measuring the effects of bandaging and cold compression therapy following tibial plateau levelling osteotomy","author":"Kieves NR","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kieves NR, Bergh MS, Zellner E, Wang C. Pilot study measuring the effects of bandaging and cold compression therapy following tibial plateau levelling osteotomy. J Small Anim Pract. 2016;57(10):543\u2013547. doi:10.1111\/jsap.12533"},{"issue":"1","key":"B24","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"43","article-title":"Complications and long-term outcomes after combined tibial plateau leveling osteotomy and tibial tuberosity transposition for treatment of concurrent cranial cruciate ligament rupture and grade III or IV medial patellar luxation","author":"Redolfi G","year":"2024","unstructured":"Redolfi G, Grand JG. Complications and long-term outcomes after combined tibial plateau leveling osteotomy and tibial tuberosity transposition for treatment of concurrent cranial cruciate ligament rupture and grade III or IV medial patellar luxation. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2024;37(1):43\u201349. doi:10.1055\/s-0043-1770740"},{"issue":"3","key":"B25","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"183","article-title":"Force plate gait analysis and clinical results after tibial plateau levelling osteotomy for cranial cruciate ligament rupture in small breed dogs","author":"Amimoto H","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amimoto H, Koreeda T, Ochi Y, et al. Force plate gait analysis and clinical results after tibial plateau levelling osteotomy for cranial cruciate ligament rupture in small breed dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2020;33(3):183\u2013188. doi:10.1055\/s-0039-1700990"},{"issue":"5","key":"B26","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"349","article-title":"Complications of tibial plateau levelling osteotomy in dogs","author":"Bergh MS","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bergh MS, Peirone B. Complications of tibial plateau levelling osteotomy in dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2012;25(5):349\u2013358. doi:10.3415\/VCOT-11-09-0122"},{"issue":"5","key":"B27","series-title":"J Vet Med Sci","first-page":"661","article-title":"Preoperative planning for tibial plateau leveling osteotomy based on proximal tibial width","author":"Fujino H","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fujino H, Honnami M, Mochizuki M. Preoperative planning for tibial plateau leveling osteotomy based on proximal tibial width. 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Short-term outcome and complications of TPLO using anatomically contoured locking compression plates in small\/medium-breed dogs with \u201cexcessive\u201d tibial plateau angle. J Small Anim Pract. 2016;57(6):305\u2013310. doi:10.1111\/jsap.12486"},{"issue":"5","key":"B5","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"347","article-title":"Tibial plateau levelling osteotomy in 69 small breed dogs using conically coupled 1.9\/2.5 mm locking plates: a clinical and radiographic retrospective assessment","author":"Cosenza G","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cosenza G, Reif U, Martini FM. Tibial plateau levelling osteotomy in 69 small breed dogs using conically coupled 1.9\/2.5 mm locking plates: a clinical and radiographic retrospective assessment. 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Center of rotation of angulation\u2013based leveling osteotomy combined with a coplanar cranial closing wedge ostectomy to manage cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency in dogs with excessive tibial plateau angle. Vet Surg. 2020;49(6):1125\u20131131. doi:10.1111\/vsu.13480"},{"issue":"12","key":"B10","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"1037","article-title":"Cranial cruciate ligament rupture in small dogs (<15 kg): a narrative literature review","author":"Brioschi V","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brioschi V, Arthurs GI. Cranial cruciate ligament rupture in small dogs (<15 kg): a narrative literature review. J Small Anim Pract. 2021;62(12):1037\u20131050. doi:10.1111\/jsap.13404"},{"issue":"5","key":"B11","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"549","article-title":"Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in small breed dogs with high tibial plateau angles using a 4-hole 1.9\/2.5 mm locking T-plate","author":"Witte PG","year":"2014","unstructured":"Witte PG, Scott HW. Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in small breed dogs with high tibial plateau angles using a 4-hole 1.9\/2.5 mm locking T-plate. Vet Surg. 2014;43(5):549\u2013557. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12202.x"},{"key":"B12","series-title":"Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal","first-page":"1141","article-title":"Stifle joint","author":"Kowaleski MP","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kowaleski MP, Boudrieau RJ, Pozzi A. Stifle joint. In: Johnston SA, Tobias KM, eds. Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal. 2nd ed. Elsevier Saunders; 2017:1141\u20131159."},{"issue":"2","key":"B13","series-title":"In Pract","first-page":"58","article-title":"Investigation of lameness in dogs","author":"Witte P","year":"2011","unstructured":"Witte P, Scott H. Investigation of lameness in dogs. In Pract. 2011;33(2):58\u201366. doi:10.1136\/inp.d453"},{"key":"B14","series-title":"Canine Lameness","author":"Duerr FM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Duerr FM. Canine Lameness. John Wiley & Sons; 2020."},{"issue":"8","key":"B15","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"931","article-title":"Comparison of TPA, bone healing, and intra-articular screw placement using conventional nonlocked application of surgeon-contoured versus locked application of precontoured TPLO plates in dogs","author":"Krotscheck U","year":"2012","unstructured":"Krotscheck U, Thompson MS, Ryan KK, Mohammed HO. Comparison of TPA, bone healing, and intra-articular screw placement using conventional nonlocked application of surgeon-contoured versus locked application of precontoured TPLO plates in dogs. Vet Surg. 2012;41(8):931\u2013937. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950x.2012.01053.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"B16","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"368","article-title":"Influence of limb positioning and measurement method on the magnitude of the tibial plateau angle","author":"Reif U","year":"2004","unstructured":"Reif U, Dejardin LM, Probst CW, DeCamp CE, Flo GL, Johnson AL. Influence of limb positioning and measurement method on the magnitude of the tibial plateau angle. Vet Surg. 2004;33(4):368\u2013375. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950x.2004.04053.x."},{"issue":"4","key":"B17","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"374","article-title":"Risk factors for tibial tuberosity fracture after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in dogs","author":"Bergh MS","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bergh MS, Rajala-Schultz P, Johnson KA. Risk factors for tibial tuberosity fracture after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in dogs. Vet Surg. 2008;37(4):374\u2013382. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2008.00391.x"},{"issue":"7","key":"B18","series-title":"Animals (Basel)","first-page":"1042","article-title":"Simultaneous modified tibial plateau leveling osteotomy and tibial tuberosity transposition for grade IV medial patellar luxation and cranial cruciate ligament disease in small-breed dogs","author":"Jung C","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jung C, Kang BJ. Simultaneous modified tibial plateau leveling osteotomy and tibial tuberosity transposition for grade IV medial patellar luxation and cranial cruciate ligament disease in small-breed dogs. Animals (Basel). 2025;15(7):1042. doi:10.3390\/ani15071042"},{"issue":"12","key":"B19","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"ajvr.23.06.0146","article-title":"Three-dimensional\u2013printed patient-specific guides for tibial deformity correction in small-breed dogs","author":"Jeon JW","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jeon JW, Kang KW, Kim WK, Jung C, Kang BJ. Three-dimensional\u2013printed patient-specific guides for tibial deformity correction in small-breed dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2023;84(12):ajvr.23.06.0146. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.23.06.0146"},{"issue":"4","key":"B20","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"456","article-title":"Cranial tibial thrust: a primary force in the canine stifle","author":"Slocum B","year":"1983","unstructured":"Slocum B, Devine T. 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