{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T16:19:34Z","timestamp":1783009174858,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To extend the literature on the relationship between emotional intelligence and self-reported levels of stress, anxiety, and depression among veterinary medicine students across universities in the Midwestern US.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A cross-sectional survey was distributed via email to individuals enrolled in veterinary medicine programs in the Midwestern US. Participants completed a 57-item survey, which included demographic information as well as targeted psychological variables of stress, anxiety, depression, and emotional intelligence. The survey was open for a 1-month collection period and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and independent-samples\n t<\/jats:italic>\n tests.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Key findings from 184 completed surveys included self-reports of moderate to high levels of stress (89.1%), anxiety (58%), and depression (29.8%) in veterinary medicine students. Additionally, negative relationships were found between reported levels of stress and emotional intelligence (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n [182] = \u22120.362;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .01) as well as screening positive for depression and emotional intelligence levels (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n [182] = \u22120.349;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .01).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n This study supports the hypothesis that emotional intelligence is negatively correlated with stress and depression among veterinary medicine students. Further research into this correlation is warranted as well as exploration of a possible causal relationship between emotional intelligence and reduced self-reports of stress and depression.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n Considering these findings, veterinary medicine programs may consider using emotional intelligence as a means to identify at-risk students and get them needed support and as a guide to including mental health curriculum into their curriculum.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.12.0444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T15:16:29Z","timestamp":1773414989000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Emotional intelligence correlated with lower stress and depression in veterinary medicine students in the Midwestern United States"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7362-6037","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lacy M.","family":"Knutson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education and Human Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerry","family":"Blanton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Professional Program in Veterinary Medicine, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"B1","series-title":"Stud High Educ","first-page":"2231","article-title":"Applying stress theory to higher education: lessons from a study of first-year students","author":"Amirkhan JH","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amirkhan JH, Bowers GK, Logan C. Applying stress theory to higher education: lessons from a study of first-year students. Stud High Educ. 2020;45(11):2231\u20132244. doi:10.1080\/03075079.2019.1601692"},{"issue":"4","key":"B2","series-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry","first-page":"534","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and suicidality among university students","author":"Eisenberg D","year":"2007","unstructured":"Eisenberg D, Gollust SE, Golberstein E, Hefner JL. Prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and suicidality among university students. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2007;77(4):534\u2013542. doi:10.1037\/0002-9432.77.4.534"},{"issue":"2","key":"B3","series-title":"J Furth High Educ","first-page":"107","article-title":"Stress and the higher education student: a critical review of the literature","author":"Robotham D","year":"2006","unstructured":"Robotham D, Julian C. Stress and the higher education student: a critical review of the literature. J Furth High Educ. 2006;30(2):107\u2013117. doi:10.1080\/03098770600617513"},{"issue":"6","key":"B4","series-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci","first-page":"281","article-title":"The science of emotional intelligence","author":"Salovey P","year":"2005","unstructured":"Salovey P, Grewal D. The science of emotional intelligence. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2005;14(6):281\u2013285. doi:10.1111\/j.0963-7214.2005.00381.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"B5","series-title":"J Clin Nurs","first-page":"153","article-title":"Relocation stress in adolescent females: depression, anxiety and coping","author":"Puskar KR","year":"1992","unstructured":"Puskar KR, Ladely SJ. Relocation stress in adolescent females: depression, anxiety and coping. J Clin Nurs. 1992;1(3):153\u2013159. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2702.1992.tb00086.x"},{"key":"B6","series-title":"Neurosci Lett","first-page":"137","article-title":"Working memory performance impaired after exposure to acute social stress: the evidence comes from ERPs","author":"Jiang C","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jiang C, Rau PP. Working memory performance impaired after exposure to acute social stress: the evidence comes from ERPs. Neurosci Lett. 2017;658:137\u2013141. doi:10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.08.054"},{"key":"B7","series-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology","first-page":"91","article-title":"Does cortisol influence core executive functions? A meta-analysis of acute cortisol administration effects on working memory, inhibition, and set-shifting","author":"Shields GS","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shields GS, Bonner JC, Moons WG. Does cortisol influence core executive functions? A meta-analysis of acute cortisol administration effects on working memory, inhibition, and set-shifting. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015;58:91\u2013103. doi:10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.04.017"},{"issue":"1","key":"B8","series-title":"J Vet Med Educ","first-page":"79","article-title":"Failure to acknowledge high suicide risk among veterinarians","author":"Skipper GE","year":"2012","unstructured":"Skipper GE, Williams JB. Failure to acknowledge high suicide risk among veterinarians. J Vet Med Educ. 2012;39(1):79\u201382. doi:10.3138\/jvme.0311.034R"},{"issue":"4","key":"B9","series-title":"J Vet Med Educ","first-page":"341","article-title":"A study of depression and anxiety, general health, and academic performance in three cohorts of veterinary medical students across the first three semesters of veterinary school","author":"Reisbig AM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reisbig AM, Danielson JA, Wu TF, et al. A study of depression and anxiety, general health, and academic performance in three cohorts of veterinary medical students across the first three semesters of veterinary school. J Vet Med Educ. 2012;39(4):341\u2013358. doi:10.3138\/jvme.0712-065R"},{"key":"B10","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","first-page":"370","article-title":"The prevalence and demographic correlates of stress, anxiety, and depression among veterinary students in the Southeastern United States","author":"Nahar VK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nahar VK, Davis RE, Dunn C, et al. The prevalence and demographic correlates of stress, anxiety, and depression among veterinary students in the Southeastern United States. Res Vet Sci. 2019;125:370\u2013373. doi:10.1016\/j.rvsc.2019.07.007"},{"issue":"8","key":"B11","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","first-page":"3934","article-title":"Associations among stress, anxiety, depression, and emotional intelligence among veterinary medicine students","author":"Wells J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wells J, Watson K, E. Davis R, et al. Associations among stress, anxiety, depression, and emotional intelligence among veterinary medicine students. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(8):3934. doi:10.3390\/ijerph18083934"},{"issue":"4","key":"B12","series-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry","first-page":"422","article-title":"Emotional intelligence is a protective factor for suicidal behavior","author":"Cha CB","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cha CB, Nock MK. Emotional intelligence is a protective factor for suicidal behavior. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48(4):422\u2013430. doi:10.1097\/CHI.0b013e3181984f44"},{"issue":"10","key":"B13","series-title":"Depress Anxiety","first-page":"1018","article-title":"Emotional intelligence training as a protective factor for mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic","author":"Persich MR","year":"2021","unstructured":"Persich MR, Smith R, Cloonan SA, Woods-Lubbert R, Strong M, Killgore WDS. Emotional intelligence training as a protective factor for mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Depress Anxiety. 2021;38(10):1018\u20131025. doi:10.1002\/da.23202"},{"issue":"4","key":"B14","series-title":"J Health Soc Behav","first-page":"385","article-title":"A global measure of perceived stress","author":"Cohen S","year":"1983","unstructured":"Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983;24(4):385\u2013396."},{"issue":"6","key":"B15","series-title":"Psychosomatics","first-page":"613","article-title":"An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: the PHQ-4","author":"Kroenke K","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, L\u00f6we B. An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: the PHQ-4. Psychosomatics. 2009;50(6):613\u2013621. doi:10.1176\/appi.psy.50.6.613"},{"issue":"2","key":"B16","series-title":"Pers Individ Dif","first-page":"167","article-title":"Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence","author":"Schutte NS","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schutte NS, Malouff JM, Hall LE, et al. Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Pers Individ Dif. 1998;25(2):167\u2013177. doi:10.1016\/S0191-8869(98)00001-4"},{"key":"B17","series-title":"Emotional Development and Emotional Intelligence: Educational Implications","author":"Salovey P","year":"1997","unstructured":"Salovey P, Sluyter DJ. Emotional Development and Emotional Intelligence: Educational Implications. Basic Books; 1997."},{"key":"B18","year":"2022","unstructured":"American Psychological Association. Stress in America 2022: Concerned for the future, beset by inflation [Press release]. 2022. https:\/\/www.apa.org\/news\/press\/releases\/stress\/2022\/concerned-future-inflation"},{"key":"B19","year":"2017","unstructured":"Harvard School of Medicine. National Comorbidity Survey (NCS): data table 1 - lifetime prevalence DSM-IV\/WMH-CIDI disorders by sex and cohort. 2017. https:\/\/www.hcp.med.harvard.edu\/ncs\/index.php"},{"issue":"24","key":"B20","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"644","article-title":"National, state-level, and county-level prevalence estimates of adults aged \u226518 years self-reporting a lifetime diagnosis of depression - United states, 2020","author":"Lee B","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee B, Wang Y, Carlson SA, et al. National, state-level, and county-level prevalence estimates of adults aged \u226518 years self-reporting a lifetime diagnosis of depression - United states, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72(24):644\u2013650. doi:10.15585\/mmwr.mm7224a1"},{"issue":"10","key":"B21","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"373","article-title":"DVM students report higher psychological distress than the Australian public, medical students, junior medical officers and practicing veterinarians","author":"Yang HH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang HH, Ward MP, Fawcett A. DVM students report higher psychological distress than the Australian public, medical students, junior medical officers and practicing veterinarians. Aust Vet J. 2019;97(10):373\u2013381. doi:10.1111\/avj.12845"},{"key":"B22","series-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc","first-page":"211","article-title":"Information bias in health research: definition, pitfalls, and adjustment methods","author":"Althubaiti A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Althubaiti A. Information bias in health research: definition, pitfalls, and adjustment methods. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2016;9:211\u2013217. doi:10.2147\/JMDH.S104807"},{"issue":"4","key":"B23","series-title":"Trends Cogn Sci","first-page":"267","article-title":"Why are self-report and behavioral measures weakly correlated?","author":"Dang J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dang J, King KM, Inzlicht M. Why are self-report and behavioral measures weakly correlated? Trends Cogn Sci. 2020;24(4):267\u2013269. doi:10.1016\/j.tics.2020.01.007"},{"key":"B24","author":"Salters-Pedneault K","year":"2025","unstructured":"Salters-Pedneault K. The use of self-report data in psychology: how researchers get insights straight from the source. Very Well Mind. 2025. https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/definition-of-self-report-425267"},{"issue":"11","key":"B1","series-title":"Stud High Educ","first-page":"2231","article-title":"Applying stress theory to higher education: lessons from a study of first-year students","author":"Amirkhan JH","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amirkhan JH, Bowers GK, Logan C. Applying stress theory to higher education: lessons from a study of first-year students. Stud High Educ. 2020;45(11):2231\u20132244. doi:10.1080\/03075079.2019.1601692"},{"issue":"4","key":"B2","series-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry","first-page":"534","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and suicidality among university students","author":"Eisenberg D","year":"2007","unstructured":"Eisenberg D, Gollust SE, Golberstein E, Hefner JL. Prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and suicidality among university students. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2007;77(4):534\u2013542. doi:10.1037\/0002-9432.77.4.534"},{"issue":"2","key":"B3","series-title":"J Furth High Educ","first-page":"107","article-title":"Stress and the higher education student: a critical review of the literature","author":"Robotham D","year":"2006","unstructured":"Robotham D, Julian C. Stress and the higher education student: a critical review of the literature. J Furth High Educ. 2006;30(2):107\u2013117. doi:10.1080\/03098770600617513"},{"issue":"6","key":"B4","series-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci","first-page":"281","article-title":"The science of emotional intelligence","author":"Salovey P","year":"2005","unstructured":"Salovey P, Grewal D. The science of emotional intelligence. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2005;14(6):281\u2013285. doi:10.1111\/j.0963-7214.2005.00381.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"B5","series-title":"J Clin Nurs","first-page":"153","article-title":"Relocation stress in adolescent females: depression, anxiety and coping","author":"Puskar KR","year":"1992","unstructured":"Puskar KR, Ladely SJ. Relocation stress in adolescent females: depression, anxiety and coping. J Clin Nurs. 1992;1(3):153\u2013159. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2702.1992.tb00086.x"},{"key":"B6","series-title":"Neurosci Lett","first-page":"137","article-title":"Working memory performance impaired after exposure to acute social stress: the evidence comes from ERPs","author":"Jiang C","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jiang C, Rau PP. Working memory performance impaired after exposure to acute social stress: the evidence comes from ERPs. Neurosci Lett. 2017;658:137\u2013141. doi:10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.08.054"},{"key":"B7","series-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology","first-page":"91","article-title":"Does cortisol influence core executive functions? A meta-analysis of acute cortisol administration effects on working memory, inhibition, and set-shifting","author":"Shields GS","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shields GS, Bonner JC, Moons WG. Does cortisol influence core executive functions? A meta-analysis of acute cortisol administration effects on working memory, inhibition, and set-shifting. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015;58:91\u2013103. doi:10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.04.017"},{"issue":"1","key":"B8","series-title":"J Vet Med Educ","first-page":"79","article-title":"Failure to acknowledge high suicide risk among veterinarians","author":"Skipper GE","year":"2012","unstructured":"Skipper GE, Williams JB. Failure to acknowledge high suicide risk among veterinarians. J Vet Med Educ. 2012;39(1):79\u201382. doi:10.3138\/jvme.0311.034R"},{"issue":"4","key":"B9","series-title":"J Vet Med Educ","first-page":"341","article-title":"A study of depression and anxiety, general health, and academic performance in three cohorts of veterinary medical students across the first three semesters of veterinary school","author":"Reisbig AM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reisbig AM, Danielson JA, Wu TF, et al. A study of depression and anxiety, general health, and academic performance in three cohorts of veterinary medical students across the first three semesters of veterinary school. J Vet Med Educ. 2012;39(4):341\u2013358. doi:10.3138\/jvme.0712-065R"},{"key":"B10","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","first-page":"370","article-title":"The prevalence and demographic correlates of stress, anxiety, and depression among veterinary students in the Southeastern United States","author":"Nahar VK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nahar VK, Davis RE, Dunn C, et al. The prevalence and demographic correlates of stress, anxiety, and depression among veterinary students in the Southeastern United States. Res Vet Sci. 2019;125:370\u2013373. doi:10.1016\/j.rvsc.2019.07.007"},{"issue":"8","key":"B11","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","first-page":"3934","article-title":"Associations among stress, anxiety, depression, and emotional intelligence among veterinary medicine students","author":"Wells J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wells J, Watson K, E. Davis R, et al. Associations among stress, anxiety, depression, and emotional intelligence among veterinary medicine students. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(8):3934. doi:10.3390\/ijerph18083934"},{"issue":"4","key":"B12","series-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry","first-page":"422","article-title":"Emotional intelligence is a protective factor for suicidal behavior","author":"Cha CB","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cha CB, Nock MK. Emotional intelligence is a protective factor for suicidal behavior. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48(4):422\u2013430. doi:10.1097\/CHI.0b013e3181984f44"},{"issue":"10","key":"B13","series-title":"Depress Anxiety","first-page":"1018","article-title":"Emotional intelligence training as a protective factor for mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic","author":"Persich MR","year":"2021","unstructured":"Persich MR, Smith R, Cloonan SA, Woods-Lubbert R, Strong M, Killgore WDS. Emotional intelligence training as a protective factor for mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Depress Anxiety. 2021;38(10):1018\u20131025. doi:10.1002\/da.23202"},{"issue":"4","key":"B14","series-title":"J Health Soc Behav","first-page":"385","article-title":"A global measure of perceived stress","author":"Cohen S","year":"1983","unstructured":"Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983;24(4):385\u2013396."},{"issue":"6","key":"B15","series-title":"Psychosomatics","first-page":"613","article-title":"An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: the PHQ-4","author":"Kroenke K","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, L\u00f6we B. An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: the PHQ-4. Psychosomatics. 2009;50(6):613\u2013621. doi:10.1176\/appi.psy.50.6.613"},{"issue":"2","key":"B16","series-title":"Pers Individ Dif","first-page":"167","article-title":"Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence","author":"Schutte NS","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schutte NS, Malouff JM, Hall LE, et al. Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Pers Individ Dif. 1998;25(2):167\u2013177. doi:10.1016\/S0191-8869(98)00001-4"},{"key":"B17","series-title":"Emotional Development and Emotional Intelligence: Educational Implications","author":"Salovey P","year":"1997","unstructured":"Salovey P, Sluyter DJ. Emotional Development and Emotional Intelligence: Educational Implications. Basic Books; 1997."},{"key":"B18","year":"2022","unstructured":"American Psychological Association. Stress in America 2022: Concerned for the future, beset by inflation [Press release]. 2022. https:\/\/www.apa.org\/news\/press\/releases\/stress\/2022\/concerned-future-inflation"},{"key":"B19","year":"2017","unstructured":"Harvard School of Medicine. National Comorbidity Survey (NCS): data table 1 - lifetime prevalence DSM-IV\/WMH-CIDI disorders by sex and cohort. 2017. https:\/\/www.hcp.med.harvard.edu\/ncs\/index.php"},{"issue":"24","key":"B20","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"644","article-title":"National, state-level, and county-level prevalence estimates of adults aged \u226518 years self-reporting a lifetime diagnosis of depression - United states, 2020","author":"Lee B","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee B, Wang Y, Carlson SA, et al. National, state-level, and county-level prevalence estimates of adults aged \u226518 years self-reporting a lifetime diagnosis of depression - United states, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72(24):644\u2013650. doi:10.15585\/mmwr.mm7224a1"},{"issue":"10","key":"B21","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"373","article-title":"DVM students report higher psychological distress than the Australian public, medical students, junior medical officers and practicing veterinarians","author":"Yang HH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang HH, Ward MP, Fawcett A. DVM students report higher psychological distress than the Australian public, medical students, junior medical officers and practicing veterinarians. Aust Vet J. 2019;97(10):373\u2013381. doi:10.1111\/avj.12845"},{"key":"B22","series-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc","first-page":"211","article-title":"Information bias in health research: definition, pitfalls, and adjustment methods","author":"Althubaiti A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Althubaiti A. Information bias in health research: definition, pitfalls, and adjustment methods. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2016;9:211\u2013217. doi:10.2147\/JMDH.S104807"},{"issue":"4","key":"B23","series-title":"Trends Cogn Sci","first-page":"267","article-title":"Why are self-report and behavioral measures weakly correlated?","author":"Dang J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dang J, King KM, Inzlicht M. Why are self-report and behavioral measures weakly correlated? Trends Cogn Sci. 2020;24(4):267\u2013269. doi:10.1016\/j.tics.2020.01.007"},{"key":"B24","author":"Salters-Pedneault K","year":"2025","unstructured":"Salters-Pedneault K. The use of self-report data in psychology: how researchers get insights straight from the source. Very Well Mind. 2025. https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/definition-of-self-report-425267"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/7\/ajvr.25.12.0444.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/7\/ajvr.25.12.0444.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/7\/ajvr.25.12.0444.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T15:22:23Z","timestamp":1783005743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/7\/ajvr.25.12.0444.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.25.12.0444","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]}}}