{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T16:18:59Z","timestamp":1783009139002,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To investigate whether IA hydrogel therapeutics alter the inflammatory and\/or degradative responses of articular cartilage (AC) and synovial membrane (SM) to cytokine stimulation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n AC and SM tissue explants were stimulated with interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) or tumor necrosis factor\u2013\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) and simultaneously treated with triamcinolone acetonide, hyaluronic acid, collagen-elastin hydrogel microparticles (CEHM), or 2.5% polyacrylamide hydrogel (2.5% iPAAG) at 3 doses. Synovial membrane (n = 9 explants, 3 horses) was stimulated\/treated for 18 hours, whereas AC (12 explants, 6 horses) was stimulated\/treated for 2 days, followed by replacement with basal media every 2 days for 8 days. Nitric oxide and glycosaminoglycan concentrations were measured in AC media by Greiss reaction and dimethylmethylene blue assays, respectively. Prostaglandin E\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n was measured by ELISA along with C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)-2, CCL3, CCL5, CCL11, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-1\u03b2 by fluorescent bead\u2013based multiplex immunoassay on SM media.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Cytokine-induced nitric oxide production by AC was reduced by all therapeutics. Glycosaminoglycan concentrations in AC explant media varied substantially in all groups. Triamcinolone acetonide and CEHM reduced IL-1\u03b2\u2013induced prostaglandin E\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n production by SM explants. Triamcinolone acetonide, CEHM, and 2.5% iPAAG decreased CCL2 concentrations in TNF-\u03b1\u2013stimulated SM explants. Triamcinolone acetonide and CEHM also decreased CCL5 concentrations in TNF-\u03b1\u2013stimulated SM explants.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n All therapeutics reduced some proinflammatory effects of IL-1\u03b2 or TNF-\u03b1 stimulation on AC and SM explants, with the most profound suppression by triamcinolone acetonide and CEHM.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n This study suggests that CEHM, 2.5% iPAAG, and hyaluronic acid may have additional biological mechanisms of action beyond mechanical support and viscosupplementation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.12.0454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T13:02:44Z","timestamp":1773925364000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intra-articular hydrogel therapeutics exhibit anti-inflammatory effects on cytokine-stimulated equine cartilage and synovial membrane explants"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9091-5444","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Erica","family":"Secor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9039-5689","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Hazzard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Raimondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8534-8839","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Heidi","family":"Reesink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"},{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"B1","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1284","article-title":"Determination of the prevalence and severity of metacarpophalangeal joint osteoarthritis in Thoroughbred racehorses via quantitative macroscopic evaluation","author":"Neundorf RH","year":"2010","unstructured":"Neundorf RH, Lowerison MB, Cruz AM, Thomason JJ, McEwen BJ, Hurtig MB. 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