{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T05:01:31Z","timestamp":1793163691028,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A commercially available\n                      <jats:italic>Histoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      urine antigen enzyme immunoassay (MV antigen EIA; MiraVista Diagnostics) is widely used to support the diagnosis of histoplasmosis in dogs; however, a standardized urine collection technique does not exist. The objective was to evaluate agreement between 3 urine collection techniques (free catch [FC], cystocentesis [cysto], and iatrogenically hospital-contaminated cystocentesis [contam]) using the MV antigen EIA in dogs and to determine associated false-positive rates (FPRs).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants were 30 dogs suspected of histoplasmosis and 30 temporally matched, healthy controls. In this 12-month prospective study (December 2023 to 2024), 3 urine samples (FC, cysto, and contam) were collected within 24 hours from each dog. Agreement between methods was assessed using the McNemar test and Cohen \u03ba coefficients. False-positive rates were calculated using clinical diagnosis as the reference standard.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3 clinically ill dogs were definitively diagnosed with histoplasmosis. Agreement was substantial between cysto and contam samples (\u03ba = 0.68; 95% CI, 0.39 to 0.97) and moderate between cysto and FC (\u03ba = 0.45; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.82) and FC and contam samples (\u03ba = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.10 to 0.75). The overall FPR was 16% (9 of 57; 95% CI, 6 to 25%). The cysto samples had the lowest FPR (4% [2 of 57]; 95% CI, 1 to 12%), followed by FC (7% [4 of 57]; 95% CI, 3 to 17%) and contam (11% [6 of 57]; 95% CI, 5 to 21%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While all collection techniques demonstrated reasonable agreement, FC and contam samples were more prone to false positives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinicians should confirm contam low-level positive results with sterile cysto to improve diagnostic accuracy and clinical decision-making for histoplasmosis in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.25.12.0457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T17:07:52Z","timestamp":1772471272000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Histoplasma antigen test results are influenced by the urine collection method in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Katie","family":"Como","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7170-7703","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Aicher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter O\u2019Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6523-4033","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Hanzlicek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MiraVista Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2961-2452","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emily N.","family":"Gould","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"B1","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"284","article-title":"Evaluation of a novel monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay for detection of Histoplasma antigen in urine of dogs","author":"Clark K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Clark K, Hanzlicek AS. Evaluation of a novel monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay for detection of Histoplasma antigen in urine of dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2021;35(1):284\u2013293. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16006"},{"issue":"3","key":"B2","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"95","article-title":"Disseminated canine histoplasmosis: a clinical survey of 24 cases in Texas","author":"Mitchell M","year":"1980","unstructured":"Mitchell M, Stark DR. Disseminated canine histoplasmosis: a clinical survey of 24 cases in Texas. Can Vet J. 1980;21(3):95\u2013100. doi:10.1111\/j.1440-0960.1980.tb00152.x"},{"key":"B3","article-title":"Histoplasmosis in veterinary medicine","year":"2020","unstructured":"Histoplasmosis in veterinary medicine. MiraVista Veterinary Diagnostics. 2020. Accessed December 1, 2025. https:\/\/miravistavets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Vets_CR_HistoplasmosisVeterinaryMedicine2020.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"B4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"201","article-title":"Clinical signs, treatment, and prognostic factors for dogs with histoplasmosis","author":"Wilson AG","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wilson AG, KuKanich KS, Hanzlicek AS, Payton ME. Clinical signs, treatment, and prognostic factors for dogs with histoplasmosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2018;252(2):201\u2013209. doi:10.2460\/javma.252.2.201"},{"issue":"3","key":"B5","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"998","article-title":"Clinical utility of fungal culture and antifungal susceptibility in cats and dogs with histoplasmosis","author":"Hanzlicek AS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hanzlicek AS, KuKanich KS, Cook AK, et al. Clinical utility of fungal culture and antifungal susceptibility in cats and dogs with histoplasmosis. 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