{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T16:01:50Z","timestamp":1785513710555,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the feasibility and accuracy of electromagnetic (EM) neuronavigation for intraventricular catheter placement during ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt surgery and to summarize a practical registration workflow in toy-breed dogs with hydrocephalus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>11 client-owned toy-breed dogs diagnosed with hydrocephalus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Presentation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medical records from a single referral center were reviewed retrospectively (from September 2019 through May 2024). Dogs were included if they underwent VP shunt placement using EM neuronavigation (StealthStation S8; Medtronic). Dogs were 2 to 9 years old (median, 5 years) and weighed 1.3 to 4.0 kg (median, 2.9 kg). Presenting signs included seizures, head turning, ataxia, and tetraparesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hydrocephalus was diagnosed based on clinical signs and MRI. We placed the dynamic reference frame, which served as the patient position reference, in 1 of the following locations: the rostral hard palate, dorsal muzzle, sublingual rostral mandible, or ventral mandible. Accurate catheter tip placement was assessed by postoperative CT. We could confirm the direction and depth of the intraventricular catheter in real time while inserting the catheter during surgery. The anatomical setup of the device enabled accurate navigation between the EM navigation\u2013displayed images and the actual coordinates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The EM navigation system provides excellent guidance for VP shunt surgery in small dogs and has potential applications in various cranial neurosurgical procedures in veterinary medicine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.26.01.0014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T20:15:12Z","timestamp":1776456912000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Novel application of electromagnetic neuronavigation for guided ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement in toy-breed dogs with hydrocephalus: a preliminary descriptive study"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3675-6091","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yongsun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, BON Animal Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6922-3155","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ji-Hey","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyuseok","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, BON Animal Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yebin","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, BON Animal Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"B1","series-title":"Neurol India","first-page":"244","article-title":"Neuronavigation: concept, techniques and applications","author":"Ganslandt O","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ganslandt O, Behari S, Gralla J, Fahlbusch R, Nimsky C. Neuronavigation: concept, techniques and applications. Neurol India. 2002;50(3):244\u2013255."},{"issue":"1","key":"B2","series-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol","first-page":"9","article-title":"A contemporary definition and classification of hydrocephalus","author":"Rekate HL","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rekate HL A contemporary definition and classification of hydrocephalus. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2009;16(1):9\u201315. doi:10.1016\/j.spen.2009.01.002"},{"issue":"4","key":"B3","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"477","article-title":"Treatment of hydrocephalus with ventriculoperitoneal shunting in twelve dogs","author":"Shihab N","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shihab N, Davies E, Kenny PJ, Loderstedt S, Volk HA. Treatment of hydrocephalus with ventriculoperitoneal shunting in twelve dogs. Vet Surg. 2011;40(4):477\u2013484. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2011.00832.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"B4","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"183","article-title":"Surgical technique, postoperative complications and outcome in 14 dogs treated for hydrocephalus by ventriculoperitoneal shunting","author":"de Stefani A","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Stefani A, de Risio L, Platt SR, Matiasek L, Lujan-Feliu-Pascual A, Garosi LS. Surgical technique, postoperative complications and outcome in 14 dogs treated for hydrocephalus by ventriculoperitoneal shunting. Vet Surg. 2011;40(2):183\u2013191. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00764.x"},{"issue":"7","key":"B5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"948","article-title":"Outcome of ventriculoperitoneal shunt implantation for treatment of congenital internal hydrocephalus in dogs and cats: 36 cases (2001-2009)","author":"Biel M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Biel M, Kramer M, Forterre F, et al. Outcome of ventriculoperitoneal shunt implantation for treatment of congenital internal hydrocephalus in dogs and cats: 36 cases (2001-2009). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2013;242(7):948\u2013958. doi:10.2460\/javma.242.7.948"},{"issue":"1","key":"B6","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"143","article-title":"Hydrocephalus in dogs and cats","author":"Thomas WB","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thomas WB. Hydrocephalus in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2010;40(1):143\u2013159. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2009.09.008"},{"key":"B7","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"50","article-title":"Relationship between the location of the ventricular catheter tip and the ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunction","author":"Dobran M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dobran M, Nasi D, Mancini F, et al. Relationship between the location of the ventricular catheter tip and the ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunction. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2018;175:50\u201353. doi:10.1016\/j.clineuro.2018.10.006"},{"issue":"2","key":"B8","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"403","article-title":"Complications associated with ventriculoperitoneal shunts in dogs and cats with idiopathic hydrocephalus: a systematic review","author":"Gradner G","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gradner G, Kaefinger R, Dupr\u00e9 G. Complications associated with ventriculoperitoneal shunts in dogs and cats with idiopathic hydrocephalus: a systematic review. J Vet Intern Med. 2019;33(2):403\u2013412. doi:10.1111\/jvim.15422"},{"issue":"6","key":"B9","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"430","article-title":"The use of noninvasive electromagnetic neuronavigation for slit ventricle syndrome and complex hydrocephalus in a pediatric population","author":"Clark S","year":"2008","unstructured":"Clark S, Sangra M, Hayhurst C, et al. 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Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2014;44(6):1235\u20131248. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2014.07.015"},{"issue":"6","key":"B13","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"468","article-title":"Clinical use of a new frameless optical neuronavigation system for brain biopsies: 10 cases (2013-2020)","author":"Gutmann S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gutmann S, T\u00e4stensen C, B\u00f6ttcher IC, et al. Clinical use of a new frameless optical neuronavigation system for brain biopsies: 10 cases (2013-2020). J Small Anim Pract. 2022;63(6):468\u2013481. doi:10.1111\/jsap.13482"},{"key":"B14","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"181","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging signs of high intraventricular pressure\u2013comparison of findings in dogs with clinically relevant internal hydrocephalus and asymptomatic dogs with ventriculomegaly","author":"Laubner S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Laubner S, Ondreka N, Failing K, Kramer M, Schmidt MJ. Magnetic resonance imaging signs of high intraventricular pressure\u2013comparison of findings in dogs with clinically relevant internal hydrocephalus and asymptomatic dogs with ventriculomegaly. BMC Vet Res. 2015;11:181. doi:10.1186\/s12917-015-0479-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"B15","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"217","article-title":"Congenital hydrocephalus","author":"Estey CM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Estey CM. Congenital hydrocephalus. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2016;46(2):217\u2013229. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.10.003"},{"issue":"7","key":"B16","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"835","article-title":"Results of oral prednisolone administration or ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement in dogs with congenital hydrocephalus: 40 cases (2005-2016)","author":"Gillespie S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gillespie S, Gilbert Z, De Decker S. Results of oral prednisolone administration or ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement in dogs with congenital hydrocephalus: 40 cases (2005-2016). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2019;254(7):835\u2013842. doi:10.2460\/javma.254.7.835"},{"issue":"3","key":"B17","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","first-page":"292","article-title":"Compared with conventional procedures, an intraoperative navigation system for ventriculoperitoneal shunting via the occipital horn improves outcomes in patients with hydrocephalus","author":"Peng A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peng A, Yang M, Zhao H, Wu Y, Zhao Y, Zhou L. Compared with conventional procedures, an intraoperative navigation system for ventriculoperitoneal shunting via the occipital horn improves outcomes in patients with hydrocephalus. 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Expert Rev Med Devices. 2012;9(5):491\u2013500. doi:10.1586\/erd.12.42"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/8\/ajvr.26.01.0014.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/8\/ajvr.26.01.0014.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/8\/ajvr.26.01.0014.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T15:25:19Z","timestamp":1785511519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/8\/ajvr.26.01.0014.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.26.01.0014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]}}}