{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T15:20:54Z","timestamp":1783005654671,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the pharmacodynamics of 3 doses of IM flumazenil following 5 mg\/kg midazolam, IM, in Rhode Island Red chickens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using a randomized, crossover design, hens received IM midazolam followed 25 minutes later by 1 of 4 treatments IM: 0.02, 0.05, or 0.1 mg\/kg flumazenil or an equal volume of 0.9% sodium chloride (control). Serial assessment of heart and respiratory rates, sedation scores, and times to recumbency and standing were recorded from midazolam administration until recovery. Chickens not recovered by 3 hours after midazolam received 0.05 mg\/kg flumazenil, IM (rescue). Categorical variables were analyzed with the Cochran\n                      <jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic>\n                      test, whereas noncategorical variables were evaluated with a mixed-effects \u03b3 regression model. The Pearson correlation and intraclass correlation coefficient measured correlation between observers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All six Rhode Island Red hens became recumbent following midazolam administration. Heart and respiratory rates remained within clinically acceptable limits. Median (range) time to recovery following 0.02, 0.05, or 0.1 mg\/kg flumazenil or control was 153.9 (55.2 to 180.0), 137.3 (35.5 to 181.0), 70.7 (29.6 to 182.0), and 173.0 (151.0 to 181.0) minutes, respectively. This was statistically significant between groups. Rescue flumazenil was administered in 3 of 6, 3 of 6, 1 of 6, and 5 of 6 birds in 0.02, 0.05, and 0.1 mg\/kg flumazenil or control, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In chickens sedated with 5 mg\/kg midazolam, IM, 0.1 mg\/kg flumazenil provided the fastest time to recovery compared to lower doses (0.02 and 0.05 mg\/kg) or control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study supports the use of 0.1 mg\/kg flumazenil, IM, to expedite recovery in midazolam-sedated chickens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.26.01.0028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T21:22:31Z","timestamp":1775596951000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Flumazenil has a dose-dependent effect on recovery from midazolam sedation in Rhode Island Red chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Ashley R.","family":"Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2249-0904","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Olivia A.","family":"Petritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Balko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"B1","series-title":"Poult Sci","first-page":"2920","article-title":"Backyard chickens in the United States: a survey of flock owners","author":"Elkhoraibi C","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elkhoraibi C, Blatchford RA, Pitesky ME, Mensch JA. Backyard chickens in the United States: a survey of flock owners. Poult Sci. 2014;93(11):2920\u20132931. doi:10.3382\/ps.2014-04154"},{"key":"B2","series-title":"Backyard Poultry Medicine and Surgery: a Guide for Veterinary Practitioners","first-page":"145","article-title":"Musculoskeletal disease","author":"Greenacre CB","year":"2015","unstructured":"Greenacre CB. Musculoskeletal disease. In: Greenacre CB, Morishita TY, eds. Backyard Poultry Medicine and Surgery: a Guide for Veterinary Practitioners. John Wiley & Sons; 2015:145\u2013156."},{"issue":"10","key":"B3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1196","article-title":"Reasons for evaluation on an emergency basis of and short-term outcomes for chickens from backyard flocks: 78 cases (2014\u20132017)","author":"Vaught ME","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vaught ME, Gladden JN, Rozanski EA, Graham J. Reasons for evaluation on an emergency basis of and short-term outcomes for chickens from backyard flocks: 78 cases (2014\u20132017). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2019;254(10):1196\u20131203. doi:10.2460\/javma.254.10.1196"},{"issue":"3","key":"B4","series-title":"J Avian Med Surg","first-page":"253","article-title":"Avian sedation","author":"Doss G","year":"2021","unstructured":"Doss G, Mans C. Avian sedation. J Avian Med Surg. 2021;35(3):253\u2013268. doi:10.1647\/20-00045"},{"issue":"1","key":"B5","series-title":"Jpn J Vet Res","first-page":"133","article-title":"Anesthetic effect of a mixture of medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol in chickens with antagonism by atipamezole","author":"Inoue A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Inoue A, Ochi T. Anesthetic effect of a mixture of medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol in chickens with antagonism by atipamezole. 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Elsevier Health Sciences; 2022:444\u2013484."},{"issue":"5","key":"B19","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"969","article-title":"Evaluation of sedation in quail induced by use of midazolam and reversed by use of flumazenil","author":"Day TK","year":"1996","unstructured":"Day TK, Roge CK. Evaluation of sedation in quail induced by use of midazolam and reversed by use of flumazenil. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1996;209(5):969\u2013971. doi:10.2460\/javma.1996.209.05.969"},{"issue":"2","key":"B20","series-title":"J Avian Med Surg","first-page":"76","article-title":"Rapid and reliable sedation induced by diazepam and antagonized by flumazenil in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata)","author":"Prather JF","year":"2012","unstructured":"Prather JF. Rapid and reliable sedation induced by diazepam and antagonized by flumazenil in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). 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