{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T16:03:17Z","timestamp":1785513797359,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the relationship between histological maturation of the fetal rat stomach and gestational stage\u2013dependent expression patterns of glucose transporter (GLUT)-1, GLUT-4, and IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fetal gastric tissues were collected between gestational days 15 and 21 from fetuses obtained from Swiss albino rats (\n                      <jats:italic>Rattus norvegicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Histological maturation, including glandular organization, mucosal fold development, and muscular layer differentiation, was evaluated via light microscopy. Expression patterns of GLUT-1, GLUT-4, and IGF-1R were assessed using immunohistochemistry with a semiquantitative scoring system.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Advancing gestation was associated with progressive histological maturation and stage-dependent changes in marker distribution. Glucose transporter\u20131 immunoreactivity was prominent in the epithelium during early gestation but became more restricted with maturation, with relatively higher immunoreactivity observed in the fundus compared to the pylorus. Glucose transporter\u20134 immunoreactivity was more prominent during later gestational stages and was predominantly localized to muscular compartments. In contrast, IGF-1R immunoreactivity was weak during early development and remained minimal at later gestational stages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings demonstrate spatiotemporal changes in GLUT-1, GLUT-4, and IGF-1R expression during fetal gastric development. These observations are consistent with known developmental patterns; however, they do not provide direct evidence of functional metabolic changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings provide baseline descriptive data on gastric development that may support future investigations of congenital gastric abnormalities in veterinary and comparative medicine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.26.01.0033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T12:55:06Z","timestamp":1776776106000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fetal gastric maturation in a rat model: gestational changes in glucose transporter\u20131, glucose transporter\u20134, and insulin-like growth factor\u20131 receptor expression"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Pelin","family":"Co\u015ftur Filiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emin T\u00fcrkay","family":"Korgun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"B1","series-title":"Eur J Biochem","first-page":"713","article-title":"Facilitative glucose transporters","author":"Mueckler M","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mueckler M. Facilitative glucose transporters. Eur J Biochem. 1994;219(3):713\u2013725. doi:10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18550.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"B2","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"634","article-title":"Expression of glucose transporter 1 in human gastric carcinoma: association with tumor aggressiveness, metastasis, and patient survival","author":"Kawamura T","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kawamura T, Kusakabe T, Sugino T, et al. Expression of glucose transporter 1 in human gastric carcinoma: association with tumor aggressiveness, metastasis, and patient survival. Cancer. 2001;92(3):634\u2013641. doi:10.1002\/1097-0142(20010801)92:3<634::AID-CNCR1364>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"B3","series-title":"Turk J Zool","first-page":"285","article-title":"Histological and morphometrical changes in the fundic wall of rat stomach during the prenatal period","author":"Asar M","year":"1995","unstructured":"Asar M, Kocamaz E, Demir N, et al. Histological and morphometrical changes in the fundic wall of rat stomach during the prenatal period. Turk J Zool. 1995;19:285\u2013290."},{"issue":"10","key":"B4","series-title":"Am J Perinatol","first-page":"919","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: does laterality predict perinatal outcomes?","author":"Sperling JD","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sperling JD, Sparks TN, Berger VK, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: does laterality predict perinatal outcomes? Am J Perinatol. 2018;35(10):919\u2013924. doi:10.1055\/s-0037-1617754"},{"issue":"3","key":"B5","series-title":"Abdom Radiol (NY)","first-page":"574","article-title":"Pre- and neonatal imaging of gastrointestinal complications in congenital diaphragmatic hernia","author":"Minkner K","year":"2018","unstructured":"Minkner K, Alamo L. Pre- and neonatal imaging of gastrointestinal complications in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2018;43(3):574\u2013582. doi:10.1007\/s00261-017-1246-9"},{"issue":"17","key":"B6","series-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med","first-page":"2753","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of gastric and small bowel atresia: a case series and review of the literature","author":"Tonni G","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tonni G, Grisolia G, Granese R, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of gastric and small bowel atresia: a case series and review of the literature. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016;29(17):2753\u20132761. doi:10.3109\/14767058.2015.1107902"},{"issue":"2","key":"B7","series-title":"Prenat Diagn","first-page":"200","article-title":"Prenatal assessment of congenital diaphragmatic hernia at North American fetal therapy network centers","author":"Perrone EE","year":"2021","unstructured":"Perrone EE, Abbasi N, Cortes MS, et al. Prenatal assessment of congenital diaphragmatic hernia at North American fetal therapy network centers. Prenat Diagn. 2021;41(2):200\u2013206. doi:10.1002\/pd.5859"},{"issue":"6","key":"B8","series-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol","first-page":"959","article-title":"Prenatal stomach position predicts gastrointestinal morbidity at 2 years in fetuses with left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia","author":"Cordier AG","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cordier AG, Laup L, Letourneau A, et al. Prenatal stomach position predicts gastrointestinal morbidity at 2 years in fetuses with left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2021;57(6):959\u2013967. doi:10.1002\/uog.22086"},{"issue":"90","key":"B9","series-title":"J Ultrason","first-page":"e161","article-title":"Normograms in prenatal life of stomach and urinary bladder in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy","author":"Witkowski S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Witkowski S, \u017bali\u0144ska A, S\u0142odki M, Respondek-Liberska M. Normograms in prenatal life of stomach and urinary bladder in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. J Ultrason. 2022;22(90):e161\u2013e167. doi:10.15557\/jou.2022.0026"},{"issue":"3","key":"B10","series-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol","first-page":"326.e1","article-title":"The value of detailed first-trimester ultrasound in the era of noninvasive prenatal testing","author":"Esteves KM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Esteves KM, Tugarinov N, Lechmann G, et al. The value of detailed first-trimester ultrasound in the era of noninvasive prenatal testing. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2023;229(3):326.e1\u2013326.e6. doi:10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.05.031"},{"issue":"12","key":"B11","series-title":"Pediatr Surg Int","first-page":"1745","article-title":"Prenatal predictors of mortality in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Masahata K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Masahata K, Yamoto M, Umeda S, et al. Prenatal predictors of mortality in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Surg Int. 2022;38(12):1745\u20131757. doi:10.1007\/s00383-022-05232-w"},{"issue":"3","key":"B12","series-title":"Prenat Diagn","first-page":"338","article-title":"Prenatal stomach position and volume in relation to postnatal outcomes in left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia","author":"Weller K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weller K, Peters NCJ, van Rosmalen J, et al. Prenatal stomach position and volume in relation to postnatal outcomes in left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Prenat Diagn. 2022;42(3):338\u2013347. doi:10.1002\/pd.6019"},{"issue":"8","key":"B13","series-title":"Prenat Diagn","first-page":"1008","article-title":"The grading of stomach position for postnatal outcomes in isolated left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Hou C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hou C, Wang J, Song S, Wu Q. The grading of stomach position for postnatal outcomes in isolated left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prenat Diagn. 2023;43(8):1008\u20131017. doi:10.1002\/pd.6383"},{"issue":"2","key":"B14","series-title":"J Clin Ultrasound","first-page":"326","article-title":"Improving prenatal detection of abdominal supraumbilical anomalies: the sonographic examination of fetal anechoic spaces of the upper abdomen revisited","author":"Sepulveda W","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sepulveda W, Wong AE, Ranzini AC. Improving prenatal detection of abdominal supraumbilical anomalies: the sonographic examination of fetal anechoic spaces of the upper abdomen revisited. J Clin Ultrasound. 2023;51(2):326\u2013345. doi:10.1002\/jcu.23427"},{"issue":"3","key":"B15","series-title":"Anat Histol Embryol","first-page":"135","article-title":"Immunocytochemical detection of synaptophysin in enteric neurones during prenatal development in the rat stomach","author":"Asar M","year":"2004","unstructured":"Asar M, Bayram Z, Korgun ET, Tertemiz F, Akkoyunlu G, Demir R. Immunocytochemical detection of synaptophysin in enteric neurones during prenatal development in the rat stomach. Anat Histol Embryol. 2004;33(3):135\u2013140. doi:10.1111\/j.1439-0264.2004.00509.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"B16","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"669","article-title":"2000 report of the AVMA panel on euthanasia","year":"2001","unstructured":"AVMA Panel on Euthanasia. AVMA. 2000 report of the AVMA panel on euthanasia. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001;218(5):669\u2013696. doi:10.2460\/javma.2001.218.669"},{"issue":"1","key":"B17","series-title":"Endocrine","first-page":"13","article-title":"Placental glucose transfer and fetal growth","author":"Baumann MU","year":"2002","unstructured":"Baumann MU, Deborde S, Illsley NP. Placental glucose transfer and fetal growth. Endocrine. 2002;19(1):13\u201322. doi:10.1385\/ENDO:19:1:13"},{"issue":"5","key":"B18","series-title":"Biol Reprod","first-page":"1364","article-title":"Glucose transporter expression in rat embryo and uterus during decidualization, implantation, and early postimplantation","author":"Korgun ET","year":"2001","unstructured":"Korgun ET, Demir R, Hammer A, et al. Glucose transporter expression in rat embryo and uterus during decidualization, implantation, and early postimplantation. Biol Reprod. 2001;65(5):1364\u20131370. doi:10.1095\/biolreprod65.5.1364"},{"issue":"4 pt 1","key":"B19","series-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"E548","article-title":"Development and regulation of glucose transporter and hexokinase expression in the rat heart","author":"Postic C","year":"1994","unstructured":"Postic C, Leturque A, Printz C, et al. Development and regulation of glucose transporter and hexokinase expression in the rat heart. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 1994;266(4 pt 1):E548\u2013E559. doi:10.1152\/ajpendo.1994.266.4.E548"},{"issue":"2","key":"B20","series-title":"Endocrinology","first-page":"837","article-title":"Developmental regulation of GLUT1 and GLUT4 glucose transporter expression in rat heart, skeletal muscle, and brown adipose tissue","author":"Santal\u00facia T","year":"1992","unstructured":"Santal\u00facia T, Camps M, Castell\u00f3 A, et al. Developmental regulation of GLUT1 and GLUT4 glucose transporter expression in rat heart, skeletal muscle, and brown adipose tissue. Endocrinology. 1992;130(2):837\u2013846. doi:10.1210\/endo.130.2.1370797"},{"issue":"1","key":"B21","series-title":"Placenta","first-page":"14","article-title":"Glucose transporters in the human placenta","author":"Illsley NP","year":"2000","unstructured":"Illsley NP. Glucose transporters in the human placenta. Placenta. 2000;21(1):14\u201322. doi:10.1053\/plac.1999.0448"},{"issue":"1","key":"B22","series-title":"Surg Case Rep","first-page":"9","article-title":"Prenatally diagnosed congenital pyloric atresia in consecutive three siblings","author":"Saka R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saka R, Yamamoto D, Kuroda S, Ibuka S, Kodama T, Hasegawa T. Prenatally diagnosed congenital pyloric atresia in consecutive three siblings. Surg Case Rep. 2021;7(1):9. doi:10.1186\/s40792-020-01096-1"},{"issue":"3","key":"B23","series-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet","first-page":"1723","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of multiple gastric duplication cysts","author":"Castellaneri R","year":"2024","unstructured":"Castellaneri R, Prefumo F, Bondioni MP. Prenatal diagnosis of multiple gastric duplication cysts. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2024;310(3):1723\u20131725. doi:10.1007\/s00404-024-07613-z"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"B24","series-title":"Anat Embryol (Berl)","first-page":"441","article-title":"Expression during rat fetal development of GLUT12, a member of the class III hexose transporter family","author":"Macheda ML","year":"2002","unstructured":"Macheda ML, Kelly JD, Best JD, Rogers S. Expression during rat fetal development of GLUT12, a member of the class III hexose transporter family. Anat Embryol (Berl). 2002;205(5\u20136):441\u2013452. doi:10.1007\/s00429-002-0263-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"B25","series-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med","first-page":"e2167072","article-title":"Novel qualitative and quantitative ultrasound markers to facilitate prenatal diagnosis of congenital duodenal obstruction","author":"Liu J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu J, Chen Y, Wang H, et al. Novel qualitative and quantitative ultrasound markers to facilitate prenatal diagnosis of congenital duodenal obstruction. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2023;36(1):e2167072. doi:10.1080\/14767058.2023.2167072"},{"issue":"2","key":"B26","series-title":"J Pediatr Surg","first-page":"236","article-title":"Antenatally diagnosed right-sided stomach (dextrogastria): a rare rotational anomaly","author":"Versteegh HP","year":"2016","unstructured":"Versteegh HP, Adams SD, Boxall S, Burge DM, Stanton MP. Antenatally diagnosed right-sided stomach (dextrogastria): a rare rotational anomaly. J Pediatr Surg. 2016;51(2):236\u2013239. doi:10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2015.10.060"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/8\/ajvr.26.01.0033.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/8\/ajvr.26.01.0033.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/8\/ajvr.26.01.0033.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T15:25:18Z","timestamp":1785511518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/8\/ajvr.26.01.0033.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.26.01.0033","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]}}}