{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:15:03Z","timestamp":1788268503858,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance poses a continued threat in veterinary medicine, with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) increasingly identified in companion animals complicating clinical management, elevating treatment costs, and presenting public health risks. To address the concern of MDROs in hospitalized companion animals, we describe the structure, implementation, and outcomes of a surveillance system in our veterinary teaching hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Culture submissions from 2023 and 2024 were reviewed along with our surveillance response and activities at a Veterinary Medical Center.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In 2023 and 2024, 1,599 antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed on 1,534 bacterial cultures, with 6.8% and 10.2% of isolates identified as multidrug resistant, respectively. In a 2-year period, 239 MDROs corresponding to 212 unique patients were identified. The most common organisms were methicillin-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus intermedius<\/jats:italic>\n                      group (29.3%) and\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (20.9%). Patients with multiple cultures collected accounted for 28 of 212 patients (13.2%). Fourteen of 28 patients (50%) had similar persistent MDROs, 8 had persistent polymicrobial MDROs, and 6 had different MDROs. Each MDRO detection triggered an alert in the medical record to employ enhanced infection control measures, communication with the clinician of record, and distribution of client fact sheets.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our approach demonstrates how a structured, data-driven approach can address antimicrobial resistance challenges and support stewardship efforts in a veterinary setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This program detected MDRO organisms and supported prevention strategies while engaging clinicians to consult with a multidisciplinary team on case management and treatment options.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.26.02.0068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T17:14:16Z","timestamp":1780679656000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and implementation of a multidrug-resistant organism surveillance program in a veterinary teaching hospital to support infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Valeriia","family":"Yustyniuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Boyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katelin E.","family":"Frerichs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8330-3848","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Granick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey B.","family":"Bender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"1068406","article-title":"Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine in the United States: current efforts, challenges, and opportunities","author":"Ruzante JM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ruzante JM, Harris B, Plummer P, et al. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine in the United States: current efforts, challenges, and opportunities. Front Vet Sci. 2022;9:1068406. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2022.1068406"},{"issue":"2","key":"B2","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"970","article-title":"Acquisition and carriage of multidrug-resistant organisms in dogs and cats presented to small animal practices and clinics in Switzerland","volume":"35","author":"Dazio V","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dazio V, Nigg A, Schmidt JS, et al. Acquisition and carriage of multidrug-resistant organisms in dogs and cats presented to small animal practices and clinics in Switzerland. J Vet Intern Med. 2021;35(2):970\u2013979. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16038"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"Antimicrobial resistant pathogens affecting animal health in the United States. AVMA. Accessed February 6, 2026. https:\/\/www.avma.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-10\/AntimicrobialResistanceFullReport.pdf"},{"key":"B4","series-title":"Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019","year":"2019","unstructured":"CDC. Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019. CDC; 2019. doi:10.15620\/cdc:82532"},{"issue":"4","key":"B5","series-title":"Antibiotics","first-page":"409","article-title":"Overview and evaluation of existing guidelines for rational antimicrobial use in small-animal veterinary practice in Europe","volume":"10","author":"Allerton F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Allerton F, Prior C, Bagcigil AF, et al. Overview and evaluation of existing guidelines for rational antimicrobial use in small-animal veterinary practice in Europe. Antibiotics. 2021;10(4):409. doi:10.3390\/antibiotics10040409"},{"key":"B6","series-title":"One Health","first-page":"100236","article-title":"Global prevalence and molecular characterization of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase producing-Escherichia coli in dogs and cats \u2013 a scoping review and meta-analysis","author":"Salgado-Caxito M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salgado-Caxito M, Benavides JA, Adell AD, Paes AC, Moreno-Switt AI. Global prevalence and molecular characterization of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase producing-Escherichia coli in dogs and cats \u2013 a scoping review and meta-analysis. One Health. 2021;12:100236. doi:10.1016\/j.onehlt.2021.100236"},{"issue":"4","key":"B7","series-title":"JAC Antimicrob Resist","first-page":"dlae113","article-title":"PRO: environmental microbiological surveillance does support infection control in veterinary hospitals","volume":"6","author":"Timofte D","year":"2024","unstructured":"Timofte D, Jepson RE. PRO: environmental microbiological surveillance does support infection control in veterinary hospitals. JAC Antimicrob Resist. 2024;6(4):dlae113. doi:10.1093\/jacamr\/dlae113"},{"issue":"4","key":"B8","series-title":"JAC Antimicrob Resist","first-page":"dlae114","article-title":"CON: environmental microbiological surveillance does not support infection control in veterinary hospitals","volume":"6","author":"Allerton F","year":"2024","unstructured":"Allerton F, Weese S. CON: environmental microbiological surveillance does not support infection control in veterinary hospitals. JAC Antimicrob Resist. 2024;6(4):dlae114. doi:10.1093\/jacamr\/dlae114"},{"issue":"1","key":"B9","series-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control","first-page":"29","article-title":"The role of hospital environment in transmissions of multidrug-resistant gram-negative organisms","volume":"9","author":"Chia PY","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chia PY, Sengupta S, Kukreja A, S L Ponnampalavanar S, Ng OT, Marimuthu K. The role of hospital environment in transmissions of multidrug-resistant gram-negative organisms. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2020;9(1):29. doi:10.1186\/s13756-020-0685-1"},{"key":"B10","author":"Siegel JD","unstructured":"Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L. Management of multidrug-resistant organisms in healthcare settings, 2006. CDC. Updated February 15, 2017. Accessed February 6, 2026. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/infection-control\/hcp\/mdro-management\/index.html"},{"key":"B11","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","article-title":"Current state and future directions for veterinary antimicrobial resistance research","author":"Maddock KJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maddock KJ, Bowden R, Cole SD, et al. Current state and future directions for veterinary antimicrobial resistance research. Am J Vet Res. Published online March 1, 2024. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.23.12.0294"},{"issue":"2","key":"B12","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"235","article-title":"Veterinary hospital surveillance systems","volume":"45","author":"Burgess BA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Burgess BA, Morley PS. Veterinary hospital surveillance systems. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2015;45(2):235\u2013242. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2014.11.002"},{"key":"B13","year":"2024","unstructured":"National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System. Glossary of terms related to antimicrobial resistance. CDC. September 17, 2024. Accessed April 16, 2026. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/narms\/glossary\/index.html"},{"issue":"5","key":"B14","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant wound infections are associated with greater mortality, larger costs, and longer hospitalizations than susceptible infections in canine patients","volume":"263","author":"Allegretti D","year":"2025","unstructured":"Allegretti D, Sumner SM, Huber L, et al. Multidrug-resistant wound infections are associated with greater mortality, larger costs, and longer hospitalizations than susceptible infections in canine patients. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2025;263(5):1\u20139. doi:10.2460\/javma.24.11.0727"},{"issue":"2","key":"B15","series-title":"J Biomed Inform","first-page":"377","article-title":"Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap)\u2013a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris PA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap)\u2013a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42(2):377\u2013381. doi:10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010"},{"key":"B16","series-title":"J Biomed Inform","first-page":"103208","article-title":"The REDCap Consortium: building an international community of software platform partners","author":"Harris PA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Minor BL, et al. The REDCap Consortium: building an international community of software platform partners. J Biomed Inform. 2019;95:103208. doi:10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208"},{"issue":"8","key":"B17","series-title":"Zoonoses Public Health","first-page":"533","article-title":"Carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in small animal veterinarians: indirect evidence of zoonotic transmission","volume":"58","author":"Paul NC","year":"2011","unstructured":"Paul NC, Moodley A, Ghibaudo G, Guardabassi L. Carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in small animal veterinarians: indirect evidence of zoonotic transmission. Zoonoses Public Health. 2011;58(8):533\u2013539. doi:10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2011.01398.x"},{"key":"B18","series-title":"Vet Microbiol","first-page":"71","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogens challenging veterinary infection control","author":"Walther B","year":"2017","unstructured":"Walther B, Tedin K, L\u00fcbke-Becker A. Multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogens challenging veterinary infection control. Vet Microbiol. 2017;200:71\u201378. doi:10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.05.017"},{"issue":"2","key":"B19","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"381","article-title":"New Delhi metallo-\u03b2-lactamase-5\u2013producing Escherichia coli in companion animals, United States","volume":"26","author":"Cole SD","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cole SD, Peak L, Tyson GH, Reimschuessel R, Ceric O, Rankin SC. New Delhi metallo-\u03b2-lactamase-5\u2013producing Escherichia coli in companion animals, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(2):381\u2013383. doi:10.3201\/eid2602.191221"},{"issue":"1","key":"B20","series-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control","first-page":"93","article-title":"Poor infection prevention and control standards are associated with environmental contamination with carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales and other multidrug-resistant bacteria in Swiss companion animal clinics","volume":"9","author":"Schmidt JS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schmidt JS, Kuster SP, Nigg A, et al. Poor infection prevention and control standards are associated with environmental contamination with carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales and other multidrug-resistant bacteria in Swiss companion animal clinics. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2020;9(1):93. doi:10.1186\/s13756-020-00742-5"},{"issue":"3","key":"B21","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","article-title":"Risk factors for the acquisition of a blaNDM-5 carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli in a veterinary hospital","volume":"57","author":"Lavigne SH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lavigne SH, Cole SD, Daidone C, Rankin SC. Risk factors for the acquisition of a blaNDM-5 carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli in a veterinary hospital. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2021;57(3). doi:10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-7105"},{"issue":"7","key":"B22","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effective mitigation of an outbreak of New Delhi metallo-\u03b2-lactamase\u2013producing Escherichia coli infections in a small animal veterinary teaching hospital","volume":"263","author":"DeStefano I","year":"2025","unstructured":"DeStefano I, Fellman CL, Bergeron AC, et al. Effective mitigation of an outbreak of New Delhi metallo-\u03b2-lactamase\u2013producing Escherichia coli infections in a small animal veterinary teaching hospital. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2025;263(7):1\u201310. doi:10.2460\/javma.24.09.0572"},{"issue":"10","key":"B23","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"e51","article-title":"Implementing an antibiotic stewardship program: guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America","volume":"62","author":"Barlam TF","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barlam TF, Cosgrove SE, Abbo LM, et al. Implementing an antibiotic stewardship program: guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(10):e51\u2013e77. doi:10.1093\/cid\/ciw118"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/9\/ajvr.26.02.0068.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/9\/ajvr.26.02.0068.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/9\/ajvr.26.02.0068.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T12:25:45Z","timestamp":1788265545000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/9\/ajvr.26.02.0068.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.26.02.0068","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}}}