{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:15:05Z","timestamp":1788268505391,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate an ex vivo model of synovitis induced by IA lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and IL-1\u03b2 in isolated, perfused equine forelimbs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forelimbs and blood were collected from 12 clinically unremarkable horses following slaughter at a licensed abattoir. In 8 limbs, 2 of 3 phalangeal joints were injected with LPS (0.5 to 5 ng, 4 limbs) or IL-1\u03b2 (100 ng, 4 limbs) diluted in 1 mL of distilled water. All limbs were perfused with autologous perfusate for 8 hours. Synovial fluid cytology and synovium sample histology scores for synovitis (0 = no changes and 3 = marked changes) were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Comparing start and end, LPS dose significantly correlated with decreased percentages of synovial neutrophils (median, \u22120.759) and lymphocytes (median, \u22120.718), reduced neutrophil presence (median, \u22120.726), and increased percentage of monocytes (median, 0.880), without correlation to histology. Joints with IL-1\u03b2 showed significantly higher leukocyte scores in synovium vessels compared to joints in control limbs (IL-1\u03b2: median, 32.67 [range, 0.67 to 42.33]; control: median, 1 [range, 0.67 to 41.5]), whereas integrity scores of synovial membrane (IL-1\u03b2: median, 28.33 [range, 1 to 60.33]; control: median, 33.3 [range, 6.33 to 67.33]) and leukocyte migration scores to synovial tissue (IL-1\u03b2: median, 25 [range, 1 to 61]; control: median, 35.33 [range, 5 to 66]) were significantly higher in controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This synovitis model in autologous perfused limbs suggests IL-1\u03b2 may be suitable for short-term studies of early joint inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This model may reduce in vivo experiments when testing IA therapies in early joint inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.26.02.0071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T18:10:29Z","timestamp":1782411029000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intra-articular interleukin-1\u03b2 induces early synovitis in an ex vivo autologously perfused equine forelimb model"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9859-5628","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthias C.","family":"Jehle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine University Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadette","family":"Reinthaler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine University Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Patan-Zugaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilse","family":"Schwendenwein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Laboratory Diagnostics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresia F.","family":"Licka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine University Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslyn, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"B1","series-title":"Equine Vet Educ","first-page":"160","article-title":"Osteoarthritis in the horse","volume":"13","author":"Kidd JA","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kidd JA, Fuller C, Barr ARS. 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