{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T16:02:58Z","timestamp":1785513778920,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To report the proportion of cases, causes, and definitions of recurrent and persistent hypercalcemia in dogs following surgical removal of autonomously functioning parathyroid tissue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Retrospective review of medical records from 3 academic veterinary hospitals (2012 to 2022) identified dogs with surgically treated primary hyperparathyroidism. Data included signalment, clinical signs, diagnostics, treatment, histopathology, and outcomes. Dogs were categorized by follow-up: \u2264 6 months (group 1) or &gt; 6 months (group 2). Descriptive statistics were performed. The Mann-Whitney\n                      <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                      test compared preoperative ionized calcium and parathyroid hormone between dogs with persistent versus resolved hypercalcemia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>202 dogs met the inclusion criteria. Group 1 included 123 dogs, and group 2 included 79 dogs. Mean age was 10.7 \u00b1 2.23 years, with no sex predilection. Hypercalcemia-associated clinical signs occurred in 68% (138 of 202) of dogs. Histopathology revealed parathyroid adenoma (58% [135 of 233]), hyperplasia (24% [56 of 233]), and carcinoma (7% [10 of 233]) as most common. Persistent hypercalcemia occurred in 25 of 202 dogs (12.4%), primarily due to incorrect surgical removal or multiglandular disease. Preoperative ionized calcium and parathyroid hormone did not differ between persistent and resolved cases. Recurrent hypercalcemia occurred in 1 of 79 (1.3%) dogs in group 2, associated with a new mass. Fifteen dogs underwent a second surgery; 1 dog required a third surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Persistent and recurrent hypercalcemia were uncommon (12.4% and 1.3%, respectively). Multiglandular disease and incorrect surgical excision were the leading causes of persistent hypercalcemia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study emphasizes that persistent and recurrent hypercalcemia are uncommon but require diligent perioperative planning and monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.26.03.0104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T13:45:53Z","timestamp":1777988753000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Persistent and recurrent hypercalcemia are uncommon in dogs undergoing surgical treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8227-8601","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Natalia L.","family":"Rosa-Padilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7784-3810","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brenley","family":"Fuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cambrie","family":"Schumacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassie","family":"Lux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelley","family":"Thieman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7897-8388","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kathryn","family":"Biehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Ham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"B1","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"3993","article-title":"Primary hyperparathyroidism","author":"Bilezikian JP","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bilezikian JP. 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Validation of a rapid parathyroid hormone assay and intraoperative measurement of parathyroid hormone in dogs with benign naturally occurring primary hyperparathyroidism. Vet Surg. 2009;38(1):122\u2013132. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2008.00457.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"B10","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"507","article-title":"Preoperative factors associated with postoperative hypocalcemia in dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism that underwent parathyroidectomy: 62 cases (2004\u20132009)","author":"Milovancev M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Milovancev M, Schmiedt CW. Preoperative factors associated with postoperative hypocalcemia in dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism that underwent parathyroidectomy: 62 cases (2004\u20132009). 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