{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T12:49:31Z","timestamp":1785934171880,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the cranial and circumferential spread of iohexol (240 mg\/mL) diluted 1:3 with saline injected at the lumbosacral junction in canine cadavers using 0.1- and 0.2-mL\/kg volumes administered with a cranial- or caudal-facing Tuohy bevel direction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lumbosacral epidurals were performed with a cranial- or caudal-facing needle bevel. The median vertebrae reached and the estimated percentage of the spinal cord surrounded with injectate were assessed via CT after administering two 0.1-mL\/kg aliquots of injectate. Contrast medium was diluted to achieve physical properties closer to local anesthetics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>5 cadavers in each group were assessed in August of 2024. The median vertebrae reached with a 0.1-mL\/kg volume using a cranial bevel and 100%, \u2265 50%, and \u2265 1% circumferential epidural coverage contrast medium were 1, 7, and 10 bodies compared to a caudal bevel direction of 1, 7, and 9 bodies. For 0.2-mL\/kg total volume using a cranial bevel and having 100%, \u2265 50%, and \u2265 1% circumferential epidural coverage, there were 2, 9, and 14 bodies compared to a caudal bevel direction being 2, 11, and 15 bodies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings in this cadaveric study suggest that needle bevel direction does not affect the cranial epidural spread of injectate performed at the lumbosacral space.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While no benefit to performing a lumbosacral epidural with a caudally facing bevel in limiting cranial spread was found, further studies in live patients are required to adjust clinical recommendations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.26.03.0124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T12:33:31Z","timestamp":1785933211000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Needle bevel orientation does not affect the cranial spread of injectate in a lumbosacral epidural in canine cadavers"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"given":"Olivia","family":"Harris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4199-3948","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tatiana Henriques","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4921-2357","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samantha","family":"Loeber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7298-3568","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kyle J.","family":"Bartholomew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"1163025","article-title":"Efficacy of lumbosacral and sacrococcygeal epidural ropivacaine in dogs undergoing surgery for perineal hernia","author":"Salla K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Salla K, \u00c5hlberg T, Lepajoe J, Kallio-Kujala I, M\u00f6ls\u00e4 S, Casoni D. 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