{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:15:00Z","timestamp":1788268500079,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the accuracy of a tibial plateau\u2013leveling osteotomy (TPLO) using a modular guide (OssAbility) compared to the traditional freehand method. We hypothesized that guide use would improve TPLO centering and accuracy in the sagittal and frontal planes compared to freehand. Additionally, we hypothesized that surgeon experience would improve freehand unguided osteotomy accuracy but would not influence guided osteotomy accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A randomized controlled experimental study was conducted with 8 voluntarily recruited surgical trainees from 1 institution. Each performed 18 total modular guided or freehand osteotomies in randomized order in a single session on bone models of 3 different tibial morphologies with 3 TPLO blade sizes. Bone models were photographed and osteotomies compared to a target optimal osteotomy. Correlation was determined with participants\u2019 clinical experience.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Centering of guided osteotomies was significantly closer to the ideal planned location (95% CI, \u22120.85 to \u22120.15;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .005). The difference in osteotomy angulation in the frontal plane compared to the ideal angle of 90\u00b0 was lower for guided osteotomies (95% CI, \u22122.0 to \u22120.03;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .042). The number of TPLOs performed clinically and osteotomy accuracy in the transverse plane approached significance; however, ultimately no statistically significant association was found between experience and freehand or guided osteotomy accuracy (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.23;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .055).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The use of a modular guidance system improved centering of the osteotomy but did not improve accuracy in the sagittal or frontal planes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Modular surgical guides may improve curvilinear osteotomy centering accuracy for surgeons of various levels of active training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.26.03.0128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T18:57:29Z","timestamp":1781204249000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Modular guided tibial plateau\u2013leveling osteotomy improves osteotomy centering accuracy compared to a freehand technique"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4011-8906","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kate","family":"McCaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent","family":"Fink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Danis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara S. S.","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"B1","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"56","article-title":"Incidence of canine appendicular musculoskeletal disorders in 16 veterinary teaching hospitals from 1980 through 1989","volume":"7","author":"Johnson J","year":"1994","unstructured":"Johnson J, Austin C, Breur G. Incidence of canine appendicular musculoskeletal disorders in 16 veterinary teaching hospitals from 1980 through 1989. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 1994;7(2):56\u201369. doi:10.1055\/s-0038-1633097"},{"key":"B2","series-title":"Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal","author":"Johnston SA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Johnston SA, Tobias KM. Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal. 2nd ed. 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Estimate of the annual economic impact of treatment of cranial cruciate ligament injury in dogs in the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005;227(10):1604\u20131607. doi:10.2460\/javma.2005.227.1604"},{"issue":"5","key":"B5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"586","article-title":"Results of a survey of veterinary orthopedic society members on the preferred method for treating cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs weighing more than 15 kilograms (33 pounds)","volume":"253","author":"von Pfeil DJF","year":"2018","unstructured":"von Pfeil DJF, Kowaleski MP, Glassman M, Dejardin LM. Results of a survey of veterinary orthopedic society members on the preferred method for treating cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs weighing more than 15 kilograms (33 pounds). 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Evaluation of cut accuracy and cis cortical damage for tibial plateau leveling osteotomy performed with and without aid of a novel saw guide: an in vitro study. Vet Surg. 2013;42(1):28\u201337. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2012.01031.x"},{"issue":"8","key":"B13","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0161110","article-title":"Novel TPLO alignment jig\/saw guide reproduces freehand and ideal osteotomy positions","volume":"11","author":"Mariano AD","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mariano AD, Kowaleski MP, Boudrieau RJ. Novel TPLO alignment jig\/saw guide reproduces freehand and ideal osteotomy positions. 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Vet Surg. 2025;54(7):1397\u20131408. doi:10.1111\/vsu.14258"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/9\/ajvr.26.03.0128.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/9\/ajvr.26.03.0128.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/9\/ajvr.26.03.0128.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T12:25:25Z","timestamp":1788265525000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/9\/ajvr.26.03.0128.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.26.03.0128","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}}}