{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:14:58Z","timestamp":1788268498541,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate plasma concentrations of pravastatin after administration in food and water over 3 days in cockatiels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study period lasted from May 5 through July 25, 2025. Pravastatin was administered as a 0.4-mg\/mL solution in drinking water to 7 cockatiels and as a 0.2-mg\/g food mixture to an additional 7 cockatiels. The water solution was reconstituted daily, and the food mixture was made once and refilled as needed. Blood samples were collected at 48, 52, and 56 hours after introduction. Plasma pravastatin concentrations were determined via LC-MS-MS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>14 adult cockatiels (7 male, 7 female) were used for this study. All birds were observed ingesting the pravastatin-prepared food and water. Birds receiving pravastatin in food exceeded target plasma concentrations (45 to 55 ng\/mL) at all time points, with values ranging from 58.88 to 258.9 ng\/mL (mean, 141.59 ng\/mL). Birds receiving pravastatin in water did not achieve relevant plasma concentrations at any time point, with multiple values below the limit of quantification or undetectable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pravastatin delivered in food as a 0.2-mg\/g mixture exceeded plasma concentrations considered therapeutic in humans. Despite its hydrophilic properties, pravastatin administered in water at 0.4 and 4 mg\/mL does not achieve clinically relevant drug concentrations in cockatiels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Food-based pravastatin administration represents a viable option for birds requiring long-term statin therapy for hyperlipidemia, reducing the need for repeated handling. Further studies are needed to evaluate pharmacodynamics at different concentrations and the efficacy of other statins in food.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.26.03.0144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T13:53:52Z","timestamp":1780926832000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oral pravastatin administered in food but not drinking water reaches target plasma concentrations in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Marina","family":"Liles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Weill School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Knych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, Weill School of Veterinary Medicine, K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Sanchez-Migallon Guzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3612-5548","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hugues","family":"Beaufr\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"B1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1696","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors associated with atherosclerosis in psittacine birds","volume":"242","author":"Beaufrere H","year":"2013","unstructured":"Beaufrere H, Ammersbach M, Reavill DR, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors associated with atherosclerosis in psittacine birds. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2013;242(12):1696\u20131704. doi:10.2460\/javma.242.12.1696"},{"issue":"2","key":"B2","series-title":"J Avian Med Surg","first-page":"108","article-title":"Prevalence, anatomical distribution, and risk factors of adipocytic tumors and xanthomas in Psittaciformes: 1096 cases (1998-2018)","volume":"38","author":"Megan L","year":"2024","unstructured":"Megan L, Guzman DS, Keel K, Beaufrere H. Prevalence, anatomical distribution, and risk factors of adipocytic tumors and xanthomas in Psittaciformes: 1096 cases (1998-2018). J Avian Med Surg. 2024;38(2):108\u2013115. doi:10.1647\/AVIANMS-D-24-00009"},{"issue":"1","key":"B3","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract","first-page":"103","article-title":"Lipid disorders in psittacine birds: diagnosis and clinical management","volume":"29","author":"Beaufrere H","year":"2026","unstructured":"Beaufrere H. 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