{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:04:42Z","timestamp":1790874282210,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n To evaluate the association between ambient fine particulate matter (PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n ) exposure and bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in northern Colorado dairy calves.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Retrospective data were analyzed from 45 preweaned dairy calves. Calves were screened for BRD twice weekly from May 23 through August 7, 2023. Daily PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n concentrations were obtained from Environmental Protection Agency monitors. Logistic mixed-effects models, including distributive-lag nonlinear models, were used to estimate associations between PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n and BRD.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n There were 27 clinical and 190 subclinical BRD occurrences over 900 screenings. Mean daily PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n during the study was 4.5 \u03bcg\/m\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n , with peaks up to 54.3 \u03bcg\/m\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n coincident with a wildfire smoke event preceding screening. A 5 \u03bcg\/m\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n increase in daily PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n was associated with 66% higher odds of incident BRD (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.08 to 2.53). Temperature-humidity index (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.22) and male sex (OR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.08 to 2.53) were also significant predictors. Lagged analyses showed variable associations across 0- to 30-day lag, with increased odds of BRD observed at PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n concentrations between 4.8 and 8 \u03bcg\/m\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n was significantly associated with increased BRD risk in dairy calves. Even relatively low PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n concentrations were linked to higher BRD odds, highlighting impacts below regulatory thresholds established for human health. Future prospective studies across multiple dairies are warranted to characterize disease progression and potential mitigation strategies.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n \n Veterinarians should consider ambient air quality when assessing disease risk, guiding preventive strategies, and advising clients. Awareness of PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n and implementation of adaptation strategies may improve respiratory health outcomes in dairy calves.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.26.04.0158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T15:31:03Z","timestamp":1784043063000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dairy calves exposed to ambient fine particulate matter have increased bovine respiratory disease risk"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1987-8929","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Caroline","family":"Kern-Allely","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ainsley","family":"Lotito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado School of Public Health, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Jakes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3042-4405","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sarah","family":"Raabis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2874-3530","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sheryl","family":"Magzamen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8402-9238","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Colleen G.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","year":"2022","unstructured":"EPA US. 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