{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T01:10:02Z","timestamp":1791421802227,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine differential gene expression in synovial tissues following injection of IA 2.5% polyacrylamide hydrogel (2.5% iPAAG), a biocompatible nondegradable synthetic polymer, to treat osteoarthritis (OA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Osteoarthritis was induced in 1 middle carpal joint of 16, 2- to 5-year-old horses (7 mares and 9 geldings) via surgical osteochondral fragment creation in combination with exercise on a high-speed treadmill; the contralateral limb underwent a sham operation. Horses were exercised 5 days per week, beginning on day 16 postoperatively. The osteochondral fragment joint was injected with 2 mL 2.5% iPAAG or saline at day 14 (n = 8 horses\/group). Synovial biopsies (days 0 and 70) and synovial fluid (SF) were obtained (days 0, 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70). The RNA was extracted from synovium and SF cells and subjected to transcriptomic sequencing to determine differentially expressed genes and enriched pathways. The in vivo portion of the study was performed from July to October 2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Transcriptomic analysis of 2.5% iPAAG\u2013treated versus saline-treated synovium (day 70) revealed upregulation of innate immune activation pathways and reduced metabolic, cell cycle, and growth factor signaling pathways. The 2.5% iPAAG treatment had the most pronounced effect on the transcriptome of SF cells longitudinally at day 28 (14 days posttreatment), with downregulation of inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 pathways and T-cell\/lymphocyte signaling pathways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>2.5% iPAAG may lead to upregulation of immune and cell cycle regulatory pathways in synovium, with suppression of some inflammatory pathways in SF cells. Limitations include assessment in an acute, experimentally induced model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Transcriptomic analyses indicate one mechanism of 2.5% iPAAG is through alteration of immune and signaling pathways following synovial integration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.26.04.0181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T14:52:42Z","timestamp":1781621562000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Intra-articular 2.5% polyacrylamide hydrogel alters synovial immune pathways in equine experimental osteoarthritis"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6413-9517","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lyndah","family":"Chow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Center, Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"},{"name":"Immunotherapy Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1756-510X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Erin","family":"Contino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Center, Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3088-8827","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katie","family":"Seabaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Center, Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8010-4429","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laurie","family":"Goodrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Center, Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7302-2265","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"C. Wayne","family":"McIlwraith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Center, Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6602-102X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Renata","family":"Impastato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Center, Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"},{"name":"Immunotherapy Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9299-8612","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jacob","family":"Singer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Center, Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"},{"name":"Immunotherapy Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunetra","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5488-9464","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Steven","family":"Dow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunotherapy Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4990-5006","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lynn M.","family":"Pezzanite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Center, Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"},{"name":"Immunotherapy Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"B1","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1284","article-title":"Determination of the prevalence and severity of metacarpophalangeal joint osteoarthritis in Thoroughbred racehorses via quantitative macroscopic evaluation","volume":"71","author":"Nuendorf RH","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nuendorf RH, Lowerison MB, Cruz AM, Thomason JJ, McEwen BJ, Hurtig MB. 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