{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:05:04Z","timestamp":1790874304904,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To provide an overview of contemporary perianesthetic management practices for brachycephalic dogs and to identify areas in which research may improve patient safety and outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed an online survey that was made available from December 8, 2025, through January 4, 2026, that included questions regarding respondent and patient demographics, perianesthetic management practices, and perianesthetic complications in brachycephalic dogs. The survey was distributed to licensed veterinarians and veterinary technicians across the US. Response frequencies were summarized for each survey item, and generalized structural equation models were used to evaluate associations between responses and prespecified predictor variables. Response variables were grouped into domains, including previsit management, premedication practices, induction and intraoperative management, recovery and discharge practices, and medications administered during recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The survey was distributed to 32,626 veterinary professionals, yielding 1,386 responses (4.3%). Most respondents (937 of 1,386 [67.6%]) practiced within general small-animal practice, with elective neuter procedures being the most common reason for anesthesia in these dogs. A high degree of variability was observed in perianesthetic monitoring and pharmacologic protocols utilized. Responses varied based on years of practice experience and whether the respondent was a general practitioner or specialist.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Perianesthetic management of brachycephalic dogs differs substantially between general practitioners and specialists and across experience levels, with the widest gaps in previsit medications, monitoring, and recovery practices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Substantial variability in previsit medications, antiemetic and prokinetic use, monitoring, preoxygenation, and recovery practices, influenced by practice type and clinical experience, underscores the need for standardized perianesthetic protocols for brachycephalic dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.26.05.0196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T17:27:41Z","timestamp":1781803661000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A survey of perianesthetic management of brachycephalic dogs identifies wide variation across United States veterinary practices despite well-documented risks"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Hannah","family":"Crosby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron","family":"Seger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Ballash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Simons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip","family":"Lerche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittney","family":"Carson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3532-0798","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carolina H.","family":"Ricco Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Midon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2147-964X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kirk A.","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"B1","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"543","article-title":"Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome: a growing problem","volume":"55","author":"Emmerson T","year":"2014","unstructured":"Emmerson T. Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome: a growing problem. J Small Anim Pract. 2014;55(11):543\u2013544. doi:10.1111\/jsap.12286"},{"issue":"3","key":"B2","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"749","article-title":"Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome","volume":"52","author":"Krainer D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Krainer D, Dupr\u00e9 G. Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2022;52(3):749\u2013780. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2022.01.013"},{"issue":"1","key":"B3","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"61","article-title":"Digestive diseases in brachycephalic dogs","volume":"51","author":"Fr\u00e9ch\u00e8 V","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fr\u00e9ch\u00e8 V, German AJ. Digestive diseases in brachycephalic dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2021;51(1):61\u201378. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2020.09.006"},{"issue":"12","key":"B4","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"725","article-title":"Anaesthesia of brachycephalic dogs","volume":"59","author":"Downing F","year":"2018","unstructured":"Downing F, Gibson S. Anaesthesia of brachycephalic dogs. J Small Anim Pract. 2018;59(12):725\u2013733. doi:10.1111\/jsap.12948"},{"issue":"3","key":"B5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"301","article-title":"Risk of anesthesia\u2011related complications in brachycephalic dogs","volume":"253","author":"Gruenheid M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gruenheid M, Aarnes TK, McLoughlin MA, et al. Risk of anesthesia\u2011related complications in brachycephalic dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2018;253(3):301\u2013306. doi:10.2460\/javma.253.3.301"},{"key":"B6","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"106372","article-title":"Static respiratory compliance in anaesthetised and intubated brachycephalic dogs with and without brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome","author":"Fitzmaurice M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fitzmaurice M, Adami C, Ladlow J, Tomlinson F, Gittel C. Static respiratory compliance in anaesthetised and intubated brachycephalic dogs with and without brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome. Vet J. 2025;312:106372. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2025.106372"},{"issue":"1","key":"B7","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"198","article-title":"Perianesthetic mortality in English Bulldogs: a retrospective analysis in 2010 - 2017","volume":"18","author":"Oda A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oda A, Wang WH, Hampton AK, Robertson JB, Posner LP. Perianesthetic mortality in English Bulldogs: a retrospective analysis in 2010 - 2017. BMC Vet Res. 2022;18(1):198. doi:10.1186\/s12917-022-03301-9"},{"issue":"21","key":"B8","series-title":"Animals (Basel)","first-page":"3112","article-title":"Breed-specific anaesthetic mortality in dogs: evidence from an analysis of 55,019 cases","volume":"15","author":"Redondo JI","year":"2025","unstructured":"Redondo JI, Mart\u00ednez-Taboada F, Hern\u00e1ndez-Maga\u00f1a EZ, Domenech L, Viscasillas J, Otero PE. Breed-specific anaesthetic mortality in dogs: evidence from an analysis of 55,019 cases. Animals (Basel). 2025;15(21):3112. doi:10.3390\/ani15213112"},{"issue":"8","key":"B9","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"899","article-title":"Postoperative regurgitation and respiratory complications in brachycephalic dogs undergoing airway surgery before and after implementation of a standardized perianesthetic protocol","volume":"256","author":"Costa RS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Costa RS, Abelson AL, Lindsey JC, Wetmore LA. Postoperative regurgitation and respiratory complications in brachycephalic dogs undergoing airway surgery before and after implementation of a standardized perianesthetic protocol. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2020;256(8):899\u2013905. doi:10.2460\/javma.256.8.899"},{"issue":"5","key":"B10","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"590","article-title":"Implementation of a standard perioperative protocol reduces postoperative respiratory distress events in dogs undergoing surgical correction of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome","volume":"263","author":"Hill M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hill M, Lepiz ML, Ida KK, Rutter C, Mankin KT, Dickerson V. Implementation of a standard perioperative protocol reduces postoperative respiratory distress events in dogs undergoing surgical correction of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2025;263(5):590\u2013598. doi:10.2460\/javma.24.09.0598"},{"issue":"3","key":"B11","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"ajvr.24.09.0254","article-title":"Effect of oral premedication with gabapentin and trazodone combination on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in dogs","volume":"86","author":"Aiello J","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aiello J, Carson B, Aarnes TK, Wanstrath A, McLoughlin M. Effect of oral premedication with gabapentin and trazodone combination on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2025;86(3):ajvr.24.09.0254. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.24.09.0254"},{"key":"B12","series-title":"Vet Med (Auckl)","first-page":"219","article-title":"Strategies for the management and prevention of conformation\u2011related respiratory disorders in brachycephalic dogs","author":"Packer RMA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Packer RMA, Tivers MS. Strategies for the management and prevention of conformation\u2011related respiratory disorders in brachycephalic dogs. Vet Med (Auckl). 2015;6:219\u2013232. doi:10.2147\/VMRR.S60475"},{"issue":"6","key":"B13","series-title":"Anaesthesia","first-page":"840","article-title":"Peri\u2011operative fasting in adults: an international, multidisciplinary consensus statement","volume":"81","author":"R\u00fcggeberg A","year":"2026","unstructured":"R\u00fcggeberg A, Boghdadly E, Bilotta K, et al. Peri\u2011operative fasting in adults: an international, multidisciplinary consensus statement. Anaesthesia. 2026;81(6):840\u2013851. doi:10.1111\/anae.70130"},{"issue":"1","key":"B14","series-title":"Animals","first-page":"64","article-title":"Effect of the preoperative fasting regimen on the incidence of gastro\u2011oesophageal reflux in dogs","volume":"12","author":"Tsompanidou P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tsompanidou P, Robben JH, Savvas I, Anagnostou T, Prassinos NN, Kazakos GM. Effect of the preoperative fasting regimen on the incidence of gastro\u2011oesophageal reflux in dogs. Animals. 2022;12(1):64. doi:10.3390\/ani12010064"},{"issue":"6","key":"B15","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"273","article-title":"Prevalence of gastrointestinal tract lesions in brachycephalic dogs with upper respiratory syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Poncet CM","year":"2005","unstructured":"Poncet CM, Dupr\u00e9 GP, Fr\u00e9ch\u00e8 VG, Estrada MM, Poubanne YA, Bouvy BM. Prevalence of gastrointestinal tract lesions in brachycephalic dogs with upper respiratory syndrome. J Small Anim Pract. 2005;46(6):273\u2013279. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2005.tb00320.x"},{"issue":"S1","key":"B16","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"S40","article-title":"Effectiveness of orally administered maropitant and ondansetron in preventing preoperative emesis and nausea in healthy dogs","volume":"260","author":"Burke JE","year":"2021","unstructured":"Burke JE, Hess RS, Silverstein DC. Effectiveness of orally administered maropitant and ondansetron in preventing preoperative emesis and nausea in healthy dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2021;260(S1):S40\u2013S45. doi:10.2460\/javma.21.02.0082"},{"issue":"5","key":"B17","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"329","article-title":"Postoperative respiratory complications in brachycephalic dogs undergoing airway surgery: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"65","author":"Filipas MC","year":"2024","unstructured":"Filipas MC, Owen L, Adami C. Postoperative respiratory complications in brachycephalic dogs undergoing airway surgery: a retrospective cohort study. J Small Anim Pract. 2024;65(5):329\u2013337. doi:10.1111\/jsap.13707"},{"issue":"10","key":"B18","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1426","article-title":"Myths and misconceptions in small animal anesthesia","volume":"223","author":"Wagner AE","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wagner AE, Wright BD, Hellyer PW. Myths and misconceptions in small animal anesthesia. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003;223(10):1426\u20131432. doi:10.2460\/javma.2003.223.1426"},{"issue":"2","key":"B19","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"59","article-title":"2020 AAHA anesthesia and monitoring guidelines for dogs and cats","volume":"56","author":"Grubb T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grubb T, Sager J, Gaynor JS, et\u202fal. 2020 AAHA anesthesia and monitoring guidelines for dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2020;56(2):59\u201382. doi:10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-7055"},{"issue":"11","key":"B20","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1333","article-title":"Time to desaturation in preoxygenated versus nonpreoxygenated dogs following sedation and induction of anesthesia","volume":"70","author":"McNally EM","year":"2009","unstructured":"McNally EM, Robertson SA, Pablo LS. Time to desaturation in preoxygenated versus nonpreoxygenated dogs following sedation and induction of anesthesia. Am J Vet Res. 2009;70(11):1333\u20131338. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.70.11.1333"},{"issue":"5","key":"B21","series-title":"Todays Vet Pract","first-page":"77","article-title":"Anesthesia and analgesia in brachycephalic dogs","volume":"12","author":"Grubb T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Grubb T, Berger A. Anesthesia and analgesia in brachycephalic dogs. Todays Vet Pract. 2022;12(5):77\u201383."},{"issue":"4","key":"B22","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"487","article-title":"High\u2011flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy during recovery from general anesthesia in dogs with upper airway obstruction","volume":"30","author":"Jagodich TA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jagodich TA, Bersenas AME, Bateman SW, Kerr CL. High\u2011flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy during recovery from general anesthesia in dogs with upper airway obstruction. J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 2020;30(4):487\u2013492. doi:10.1111\/vec.12971"},{"issue":"5","key":"B23","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"173","article-title":"Management of postoperative respiratory complications in dogs with brachycephalic airway syndrome","volume":"98","author":"Lindsay B","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lindsay B, Cook D, Wetzel JM, Siess S, Moses P. Management of postoperative respiratory complications in dogs with brachycephalic airway syndrome. Aust Vet J. 2020;98(5):173\u2013180. doi:10.1111\/avj.12926"},{"issue":"11","key":"B24","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"680","article-title":"Owner\u2011assisted recovery and early discharge after surgical treatment in dogs with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome.","volume":"64","author":"Camarasa JJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Camarasa JJ, Gordo I, Bird FG, Vallefuoco R, Longley M, Brissot H. Owner\u2011assisted recovery and early discharge after surgical treatment in dogs with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome.J Small Anim Pract. 2023;64(11):680\u2013686. doi:10.1111\/jsap.13647"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/10\/ajvr.26.05.0196.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/10\/ajvr.26.05.0196.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/10\/ajvr.26.05.0196.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:28:02Z","timestamp":1790872082000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/87\/10\/ajvr.26.05.0196.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.26.05.0196","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}}}