{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T16:35:30Z","timestamp":1787330130172,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the biomechanical stability of 4 fixation techniques for proximal humeral physeal fractures in skeletally immature canines using 3-D\u2013printed models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This experimental in vitro study was conducted from September 25, 2025, through April 22, 2026. To strictly control biological variability, identical 3-D\u2013printed models of juvenile canine proximal humeral Salter-Harris type 1 fractures (CT-derived from a 6-month-old 26-kg Labrador Retriever) were evaluated across 4 groups: pin and tension band wire (group A), partially threaded cannulated screw (group B), fully threaded headless cannulated screw (FTHCS) alone (group C), and FTHCS with a 1.6-mm Kirschner (K)-wire (group D). Tensile loading was applied at 10 mm\/min at 105\u00b0 to simulate supraspinatus traction. Outcomes included loads at 1- and 2-mm displacements, maximum failure load, and failure modes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty-four models were tested (n = 6\/group). Group D exhibited significantly higher resistance at 1-mm (663.95 N) and 2-mm (1,080.33 N) displacements than other groups. At 1-mm displacement, group D outperformed groups C, A, and B (mean differences [MD]: 206.2 N, 380.6 N, and 405.7 N, respectively;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .0083). Maximum failure load did not differ significantly. Group B failed via localized proximal crushing and subsidence, whereas FTHCS groups (C, D) preserved proximal integrity, failing distally.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this 3-D\u2013printed model, FTHCS combined with a K-wire provided superior resistance to tensile displacement compared with other tested constructs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FTHCS augmented with a K-wire may offer a biomechanically robust alternative mitigating subhead bone collapse, providing sufficient standalone stability for early rehabilitation in immature canines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.26.05.0221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T18:42:07Z","timestamp":1787078527000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fixation of proximal humeral Salter-Harris type 1 fractures in a 3-dimensionally printed skeletally immature canine bone model: a biomechanical assessment of fully threaded headless cannulated screws"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4468-1241","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tae-Woong","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1190-8606","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eunseo","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6425-7716","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jung-Moon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6237-9958","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hwi-Yool","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"B1","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"73","article-title":"Fractures of the humerus in dogs and cats a retrospective study of 130 cases","volume":"12","author":"Bardet JF","year":"1983","unstructured":"Bardet JF, Hohn RB, Rudy RL, Olmstead ML. 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