{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T19:25:30Z","timestamp":1787081130747,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is a prevalent endocrine disease in older horses sharing pathogenetic features with Parkinson disease, including dopaminergic neurodegeneration and \u03b1-synuclein aggregation. This study was conducted to determine whether horses with PPID exhibit changes in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles as described in Parkinson disease, providing further evidence for involvement of a microbiota-gut-brain axis in the pathogenesis of PPID.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective case-control study including 22 horses &gt; 12 years of age. Diagnosis of PPID was based on clinical signs and results of a thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test. Fecal samples were collected every 2 months for 12 months, and SCFA concentrations (butyrate, propionate, acetate, valerate, isobutyrate, and isovalerate) were quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Data were normalized to sample total protein concentration and analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model with \u0160\u00edd\u00e1k multiple comparison tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>9 horses were classified as PPID and 13 as controls. Month had a significant effect on concentrations of all measured SCFA across both groups. The PPID status was associated with significantly altered patterns in concentrations of butyrate (average estimate of difference: 0.30 \u03bcM\/mg; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.58), valerate (0.04 \u03bcM\/mg; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.08), and isobutyrate (0.10 \u03bcM\/mg; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.17).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Horses exhibit marked seasonal variations in fecal SCFA concentrations, and PPID is associated with selective alterations in fecal SCFA profiles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Altered fecal SCFA profiles in horses with PPID expand our understanding of metabolic changes associated with this condition and warrant further investigation into the relationship between microbial metabolism and the microbiota-gut-brain axis in PPID.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.26.05.0223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T18:42:04Z","timestamp":1787078524000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction have an altered fecal short-chain fatty acid profile"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1687-0022","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wenqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1909-8920","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marloes Dekker","family":"Nitert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahara","family":"Gobius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4208-361X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Viviana","family":"Gonzalez-Astudillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2820-8431","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois-Ren\u00e9","family":"Bertin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia"},{"name":"Nancy Fair Link Laminitis Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University,Mississippi State, MI"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"B1","series-title":"J Neuroendocrinol","first-page":"73","article-title":"Nitration and increased alpha-synuclein expression associated with dopaminergic neurodegeneration in equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction","volume":"17","author":"McFarlane D","year":"2005","unstructured":"McFarlane D, Dybdal N, Donaldson MT, Miller L, Cribb AE. Nitration and increased alpha-synuclein expression associated with dopaminergic neurodegeneration in equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. J Neuroendocrinol. 2005;17(2):73\u201380. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2005.01277.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"B2","series-title":"Neuron","first-page":"1044","article-title":"The function of alpha-synuclein","volume":"79","author":"Bendor JT","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bendor JT, Logan TP, Edwards RH. The function of alpha-synuclein. Neuron. 2013;79(6):1044\u20131066. doi:10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.09.004"},{"issue":"1","key":"B3","series-title":"Br J Pharmacol","first-page":"23","article-title":"Targeting alpha-synuclein aggregation and its role in mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"179","author":"Haque ME","year":"2022","unstructured":"Haque ME, Akther M, Azam S, et al. Targeting alpha-synuclein aggregation and its role in mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Br J Pharmacol. 2022;179(1):23\u201345. doi:10.1111\/bph.15684"},{"issue":"1","key":"B4","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"16036","article-title":"Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: a spontaneous model of synucleinopathy","volume":"11","author":"Fortin JS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fortin JS, Hetak AA, Duggan KE, et al. Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: a spontaneous model of synucleinopathy. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):16036. doi:10.1038\/s41598-021-95396-7"},{"issue":"3","key":"B5","series-title":"Mov Disord","first-page":"350","article-title":"Gut microbiota are related to Parkinson\u2019s disease and clinical phenotype","volume":"30","author":"Scheperjans F","year":"2015","unstructured":"Scheperjans F, Aho V, Pereira PA, et al. Gut microbiota are related to Parkinson\u2019s disease and clinical phenotype. Mov Disord. 2015;30(3):350\u2013358. doi:10.1002\/mds.26069"},{"issue":"9","key":"B6","series-title":"J Neurol","first-page":"2507","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and the gastrointestinal microbiome","volume":"267","author":"Lubomski M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lubomski M, Tan AH, Lim SY, Holmes AJ, Davis RL, Sue CM. Parkinson\u2019s disease and the gastrointestinal microbiome. J Neurol. 2020;267(9):2507\u20132523. doi:10.1007\/s00415-019-09320-1"},{"issue":"4","key":"B7","series-title":"Physiol Rev","first-page":"1877","article-title":"The microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"99","author":"Cryan JF","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cryan JF, O\u2019Riordan KJ, Cowan CSM, et al. The microbiota-gut-brain axis. Physiol Rev. 2019;99(4):1877\u20132013. doi:10.1152\/physrev.00018.2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"B8","series-title":"J Neurol","first-page":"1154","article-title":"Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: molecular pathology and implications of gut microbiome, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation","volume":"269","author":"Metta V","year":"2022","unstructured":"Metta V, Leta V, Mrudula KR, et al. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: molecular pathology and implications of gut microbiome, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation. J Neurol. 2022;269(3):1154\u20131163. doi:10.1007\/s00415-021-10567-w"},{"issue":"Pt B","key":"B9","series-title":"Brain Res","first-page":"128","article-title":"Neurotransmitter modulation by the gut microbiota","volume":"1693","author":"Strandwitz P","year":"2018","unstructured":"Strandwitz P. Neurotransmitter modulation by the gut microbiota. Brain Res. 2018;1693(Pt B):128\u2013133. doi:10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.03.015"},{"issue":"22","key":"B10","series-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr","first-page":"3892","article-title":"Impact of the source of fermentable carbohydrate on SCFA production by human gut microbiota in vitro - a systematic scoping review and secondary analysis","volume":"61","author":"Harris HC","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harris HC, Morrison DJ, Edwards CA. Impact of the source of fermentable carbohydrate on SCFA production by human gut microbiota in vitro - a systematic scoping review and secondary analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2021;61(22):3892\u20133903. doi:10.1080\/10408398.2020.1809991"},{"issue":"7","key":"B11","series-title":"Animal","first-page":"1155","article-title":"Metabolic response to dietary fibre composition in horses","volume":"10","author":"Brokner C","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brokner C, Austbo D, Naesset JA, Blache D, Bach Knudsen KE, Tauson AH. Metabolic response to dietary fibre composition in horses. Animal. 2016;10(7):1155\u20131163. doi:10.1017\/S1751731115003006"},{"issue":"1","key":"B12","series-title":"Biosci Microb Food Health","first-page":"11","article-title":"Associations of gut microbiota, dietary intake, and serum short-chain fatty acids with fecal short-chain fatty acids","volume":"39","author":"Yamamura R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yamamura R, Nakamura K, Kitada N, et al. Associations of gut microbiota, dietary intake, and serum short-chain fatty acids with fecal short-chain fatty acids. Biosci Microb Food Health. 2020;39(1):11\u201317. doi:10.12938\/bmfh.19-010"},{"issue":"4","key":"B13","series-title":"Neurogenetics","first-page":"307","article-title":"The role of gut-derived short-chain fatty acids in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Saadh MJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saadh MJ, Mustafa AN, Mustafa MA, et al. The role of gut-derived short-chain fatty acids in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurogenetics. 2024;25(4):307\u2013336. doi:10.1007\/s10048-024-00779-3"},{"issue":"4","key":"B14","series-title":"Neurosci Bull","first-page":"500","article-title":"Relationship between short-chain fatty acids and Parkinson\u2019s disease: a review from pathology to clinic","volume":"40","author":"Duan WX","year":"2024","unstructured":"Duan WX, Wang F, Liu JY, Li CF. Relationship between short-chain fatty acids and Parkinson\u2019s disease: a review from pathology to clinic. Neurosci Bull. 2024;40(4):500\u2013516. doi:10.1007\/s12264-023-01123-9"},{"key":"B15","series-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord","first-page":"66","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids and gut microbiota differ between patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and age-matched controls","author":"Unger MM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Unger MM, Spiegel J, Dillmann KU, et al. Short chain fatty acids and gut microbiota differ between patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and age-matched controls. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016;32:66\u201372. doi:10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.08.019"},{"issue":"8","key":"B16","series-title":"Mov Disord","first-page":"1634","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease is associated with impaired gut-blood barrier for short-chain fatty acids","volume":"37","author":"Yang X","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang X, Ai P, He X, et al. Parkinson\u2019s disease is associated with impaired gut-blood barrier for short-chain fatty acids. Mov Disord. 2022;37(8):1634\u20131643. doi:10.1002\/mds.29063"},{"issue":"5","key":"B17","series-title":"Mol Neurobiol","first-page":"6612","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acid aggregates alpha-synuclein accumulation and neuroinflammation via GPR43-NLRP3 signaling pathway in a model Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"62","author":"Qu Y","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qu Y, An K, Wang D, et al. Short-chain fatty acid aggregates alpha-synuclein accumulation and neuroinflammation via GPR43-NLRP3 signaling pathway in a model Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mol Neurobiol. 2025;62(5):6612\u20136625. doi:10.1007\/s12035-025-04726-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"B18","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"e17288","article-title":"Characterization and comparison of fecal microbiota in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction and age-matched controls","volume":"39","author":"Wang W","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang W, Gibson J, Horsman S, Mikkelsen D, Bertin FR. Characterization and comparison of fecal microbiota in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction and age-matched controls. J Vet Intern Med. 2025;39(1):e17288. doi:10.1111\/jvim.17288"},{"issue":"2","key":"B19","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"291","article-title":"Clinical implications of imprecise sampling time for 10- and 30-min thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation tests in horses","volume":"56","author":"Vorster DM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vorster DM, Wang W, Kemp KL, Bamford NJ, Bertin FR. Clinical implications of imprecise sampling time for 10- and 30-min thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation tests in horses. Equine Vet J. 2024;56(2):291\u2013298. doi:10.1111\/evj.13991"},{"issue":"3","key":"B20","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1350","article-title":"The effect of freeze-thaw cycles on determination of immunoreactive plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone concentrations in horses","volume":"34","author":"Hu K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hu K, Stewart AJ, Yuen KY, Hinrichsen S, Dryburgh EL, Bertin FR. The effect of freeze-thaw cycles on determination of immunoreactive plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone concentrations in horses. J Vet Intern Med. 2020;34(3):1350\u20131356. doi:10.1111\/jvim.15771"},{"issue":"1","key":"B21","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"560","article-title":"Clinical implications of using adrenocorticotropic hormone diagnostic cutoffs or reference intervals to diagnose pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in mature horses","volume":"35","author":"Horn R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Horn R, Stewart AJ, Jackson KV, Dryburgh EL, Medina-Torres CE, Bertin FR. Clinical implications of using adrenocorticotropic hormone diagnostic cutoffs or reference intervals to diagnose pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in mature horses. J Vet Intern Med. 2021;35(1):560\u2013570. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16017"},{"key":"B22","series-title":"Talanta","first-page":"125743","article-title":"Quantitation of circulating short-chain fatty acids in small volume blood samples from animals and humans","author":"Fristedt R","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fristedt R, Ruppert V, Trower T, Cooney J, Landberg R. Quantitation of circulating short-chain fatty acids in small volume blood samples from animals and humans. Talanta. 2024;272:125743. doi:10.1016\/j.talanta.2024.125743"},{"issue":"1","key":"B23","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"14427","article-title":"Development of the equine gut microbiota","volume":"9","author":"Lindenberg F","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lindenberg F, Krych L, Kot W, et al. Development of the equine gut microbiota. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):14427. doi:10.1038\/s41598-019-50563-9"},{"key":"B24","series-title":"J Equine Vet Sci","first-page":"102943","article-title":"Factors influencing equine gut microbiota: current knowledge","author":"Garber A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garber A, Hastie P, Murray JA. Factors influencing equine gut microbiota: current knowledge. J Equine Vet Sci. 2020;88:102943. doi:10.1016\/j.jevs.2020.102943"},{"issue":"1","key":"B25","series-title":"Environ Microbiol","first-page":"29","article-title":"Formation of propionate and butyrate by the human colonic microbiota","volume":"19","author":"Louis P","year":"2017","unstructured":"Louis P, Flint HJ. Formation of propionate and butyrate by the human colonic microbiota. Environ Microbiol. 2017;19(1):29\u201341. doi:10.1111\/1462-2920.13589"},{"issue":"9","key":"B26","series-title":"J Lipid Res","first-page":"2325","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism","volume":"54","author":"den Besten G","year":"2013","unstructured":"den Besten G, van Eunen K, Groen AK, Venema K, Reijngoud DJ, Bakker BM. The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism. J Lipid Res. 2013;54(9):2325\u20132340. doi:10.1194\/jlr.R036012"},{"issue":"1","key":"B27","series-title":"Proc Nutr Soc","first-page":"67","article-title":"Regulation of short-chain fatty acid production","volume":"62","author":"Macfarlane S","year":"2003","unstructured":"Macfarlane S, Macfarlane GT. Regulation of short-chain fatty acid production. Proc Nutr Soc. 2003;62(1):67\u201372. doi:10.1079\/PNS2002207"},{"issue":"13","key":"B28","series-title":"Nutrients","first-page":"2559","article-title":"Effects of dietary fibers on short-chain fatty acids and gut microbiota composition in healthy adults: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Vinelli V","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vinelli V, Biscotti P, Martini D, et al. Effects of dietary fibers on short-chain fatty acids and gut microbiota composition in healthy adults: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2022;14(13):2559. doi:10.3390\/nu14132559"},{"key":"B29","series-title":"Front Microbiol","first-page":"185","article-title":"Intestinal short chain fatty acids and their link with diet and human health","author":"Rios-Covian D","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rios-Covian D, Ruas-Madiedo P, Margolles A, Gueimonde M, de Los Reyes-Gavil\u00e1n CG, Salazar N. Intestinal short chain fatty acids and their link with diet and human health. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:185. doi:10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00185"},{"issue":"8","key":"B30","series-title":"Animals (Basel)","first-page":"2300","article-title":"Seasonal variation in the faecal microbiota of mature adult horses maintained on pasture in New Zealand","volume":"11","author":"Fernandes KA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fernandes KA, Gee EK, Rogers CW, et al. Seasonal variation in the faecal microbiota of mature adult horses maintained on pasture in New Zealand. Animals (Basel). 2021;11(8):2300. doi:10.3390\/ani11082300"},{"issue":"1","key":"B31","series-title":"Anim Sci J","first-page":"e13603","article-title":"Investigations of the maintenance system of the konik polski horse and its effects on fecal microbiota activity during the winter and summer seasons","volume":"92","author":"Juskiewicz J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Juskiewicz J, Fotschki B, Jaworska J, Siemieniuch M. Investigations of the maintenance system of the konik polski horse and its effects on fecal microbiota activity during the winter and summer seasons. Anim Sci J. 2021;92(1):e13603. doi:10.1111\/asj.13603"},{"issue":"22","key":"B32","series-title":"J Exp Biol","first-page":"4566","article-title":"Seasonal adjustment of energy budget in a large wild mammal, the Przewalski horse (Equus ferus przewalskii). II. Energy expenditure","volume":"209","author":"Arnold W","year":"2006","unstructured":"Arnold W, Ruf T, Kuntz R. Seasonal adjustment of energy budget in a large wild mammal, the Przewalski horse (Equus ferus przewalskii). II. Energy expenditure. J Exp Biol. 2006;209(22):4566\u20134573. doi:10.1242\/jeb.02536"},{"key":"B33","series-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther","first-page":"4671","article-title":"The effects of short-chain fatty acids on rat colonic hypermotility induced by water avoidance stress","author":"Yuan F","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yuan F, Tan W, Ren H, Yan L, Wang Y, Luo H. The effects of short-chain fatty acids on rat colonic hypermotility induced by water avoidance stress. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2020;14:4671\u20134684. doi:10.2147\/DDDT.S246619"},{"issue":"3","key":"B34","series-title":"Gut Microbes","first-page":"189","article-title":"Formation of short chain fatty acids by the gut microbiota and their impact on human metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Morrison DJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morrison DJ, Preston T. Formation of short chain fatty acids by the gut microbiota and their impact on human metabolism. Gut Microbes. 2016;7(3):189\u2013200. doi:10.1080\/19490976.2015.1134082"},{"issue":"9","key":"B35","series-title":"J Nutr","first-page":"1619","article-title":"Butyrate enhances the intestinal barrier by facilitating tight junction assembly via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in caco-2 cell monolayers","volume":"139","author":"Peng L","year":"2009","unstructured":"Peng L, Li ZR, Green RS, Holzman IR, Lin J. Butyrate enhances the intestinal barrier by facilitating tight junction assembly via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in caco-2 cell monolayers. J Nutr. 2009;139(9):1619\u20131625. doi:10.3945\/jn.109.104638"},{"issue":"3","key":"B36","series-title":"Gut","first-page":"397","article-title":"Butyrate inhibits inflammatory responses through NF\u03baB inhibition: implications for Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"47","author":"Segain J-P","year":"2000","unstructured":"Segain J-P, DRdl B, Bourreille A, et al. Butyrate inhibits inflammatory responses through NF\u03baB inhibition: implications for Crohn\u2019s disease. Gut. 2000;47(3):397\u2013403. doi:10.1136\/gut.47.3.397"},{"issue":"7 suppl","key":"B37","series-title":"J Nutr","first-page":"2485S","article-title":"Inhibition of histone deacetylase activity by butyrate","volume":"133","author":"Davie JR","year":"2003","unstructured":"Davie JR. Inhibition of histone deacetylase activity by butyrate. J Nutr. 2003;133(7 suppl):2485S\u20132493S. doi:10.1093\/jn\/133.7.2485S"},{"issue":"7","key":"B38","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0201073","article-title":"Human gut bacteria as potent class I histone deacetylase inhibitors in vitro through production of butyric acid and valeric acid","volume":"13","author":"Yuille S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yuille S, Reichardt N, Panda S, Dunbar H, Mulder IE. Human gut bacteria as potent class I histone deacetylase inhibitors in vitro through production of butyric acid and valeric acid. PLoS One. 2018;13(7):e0201073. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0201073"},{"issue":"8","key":"B39","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"e848","article-title":"Association of fecal and plasma levels of short-chain fatty acids with gut microbiota and clinical severity in patients with Parkinson disease","volume":"98","author":"Chen SJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen SJ, Chen CC, Liao HY, et al. Association of fecal and plasma levels of short-chain fatty acids with gut microbiota and clinical severity in patients with Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2022;98(8):e848\u2013e858. doi:10.1212\/WNL.0000000000013225"},{"issue":"3","key":"B40","series-title":"Ann Neurol","first-page":"546","article-title":"Gut microbial ecosystem in Parkinson disease: new clinicobiological insights from multi-omics","volume":"89","author":"Tan AH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tan AH, Chong CW, Lim SY, et al. Gut microbial ecosystem in Parkinson disease: new clinicobiological insights from multi-omics. Ann Neurol. 2021;89(3):546\u2013559. doi:10.1002\/ana.25982"},{"issue":"6","key":"B41","series-title":"Cell","first-page":"1469","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulate motor deficits and neuroinflammation in a model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"167","author":"Sampson TR","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sampson TR, Debelius JW, Thron T, et al. Gut microbiota regulate motor deficits and neuroinflammation in a model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Cell. 2016;167(6):1469\u20131480.e12. doi:10.1016\/j.cell.2016.11.018"},{"key":"B42","series-title":"Brain Behav Immun","first-page":"48","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of fecal microbiota transplantation on MPTP-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease mice: gut microbiota, glial reaction and TLR4\/TNF-alpha signaling pathway","author":"Sun MF","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sun MF, Zhu YL, Zhou ZL, et al. Neuroprotective effects of fecal microbiota transplantation on MPTP-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease mice: gut microbiota, glial reaction and TLR4\/TNF-alpha signaling pathway. Brain Behav Immun. 2018;70:48\u201360. doi:10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.02.005"},{"key":"B43","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","first-page":"303","article-title":"Does prebiotic feeding affect equine gastric health? A study on the effects of prebiotic-induced gastric butyric acid production on mucosal integrity of the equine stomach","author":"Cehak A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cehak A, Krageloh T, Zuraw A, Kershaw O, Brehm R, Breves G. Does prebiotic feeding affect equine gastric health? A study on the effects of prebiotic-induced gastric butyric acid production on mucosal integrity of the equine stomach. Res Vet Sci. 2019;124:303\u2013309. doi:10.1016\/j.rvsc.2019.04.008"},{"issue":"4","key":"B44","series-title":"J Drug Target","first-page":"423","article-title":"Valeric acid reduction by chitosan oligosaccharide induces autophagy in a Parkinson\u2019s disease mouse model","volume":"32","author":"Chen R","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen R, Li K, Wang Y, et al. Valeric acid reduction by chitosan oligosaccharide induces autophagy in a Parkinson\u2019s disease mouse model. J Drug Target. 2024;32(4):423\u2013432. doi:10.1080\/1061186X.2024.2315468"},{"issue":"3","key":"B45","series-title":"Mol Biol Rep","first-page":"1817","article-title":"Effects of valerate on intestinal barrier function in cultured caco-2 epithelial cell monolayers","volume":"49","author":"Gao G","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gao G, Zhou J, Wang H, et al. Effects of valerate on intestinal barrier function in cultured caco-2 epithelial cell monolayers. Mol Biol Rep. 2022;49(3):1817\u20131825. doi:10.1007\/s11033-021-06991-w"},{"key":"B46","series-title":"J Inflamm Res","first-page":"6025","article-title":"The immunomodulatory functions of butyrate","author":"Siddiqui MT","year":"2021","unstructured":"Siddiqui MT, Cresci GAM. The immunomodulatory functions of butyrate. J Inflamm Res. 2021;14:6025\u20136041. doi:10.2147\/JIR.S300989"},{"issue":"1","key":"B47","series-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil","first-page":"66","article-title":"The relationship between the effects of short-chain fatty acids on intestinal motility in vitro and GPR43 receptor activation","volume":"19","author":"Dass NB","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dass NB, John AK, Bassil AK, et al. The relationship between the effects of short-chain fatty acids on intestinal motility in vitro and GPR43 receptor activation. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2007;19(1):66\u201374. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2006.00853.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"B48","series-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol","first-page":"G1415","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids modify colonic motility through nerves and polypeptide YY release in the rat","volume":"275","author":"Cherbut C","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cherbut C, Ferrier L, Roze C, et al. Short-chain fatty acids modify colonic motility through nerves and polypeptide YY release in the rat. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 1998;275(6):G1415\u2013G1422. doi:10.1152\/ajpgi.1998.275.6.g1415"},{"issue":"11","key":"B49","series-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol","first-page":"671","article-title":"The interplay between diet and the gut microbiome: implications for health and disease","volume":"22","author":"Ross FC","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ross FC, Patangia D, Grimaud G, et al. The interplay between diet and the gut microbiome: implications for health and disease. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2024;22(11):671\u2013686. doi:10.1038\/s41579-024-01068-4"},{"issue":"4","key":"B50","series-title":"Nutrients","first-page":"2930","article-title":"The role of microbial amino acid metabolism in host metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Neis EP","year":"2015","unstructured":"Neis EP, Dejong CH, Rensen SS. The role of microbial amino acid metabolism in host metabolism. Nutrients. 2015;7(4):2930\u20132946. doi:10.3390\/nu7042930"},{"issue":"1","key":"B51","series-title":"Gut Microbes","first-page":"2415488","article-title":"Normalization of short-chain fatty acid concentration by bacterial count of stool samples improves discrimination between eubiotic and dysbiotic gut microbiota caused by clostridioides difficile infection","volume":"16","author":"Sayol-Altarriba A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sayol-Altarriba A, Aira A, Villasante A, et al. Normalization of short-chain fatty acid concentration by bacterial count of stool samples improves discrimination between eubiotic and dysbiotic gut microbiota caused by clostridioides difficile infection. Gut Microbes. 2024;16(1):2415488. doi:10.1080\/19490976.2024.2415488"},{"issue":"8","key":"B52","series-title":"Metabolites","first-page":"723","article-title":"Evaluation of normalization approaches for quantitative analysis of bile acids in human feces","volume":"12","author":"Schott HF","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schott HF, Chua EWL, Mir SA, Burla B, Bendt AK, Wenk MR. Evaluation of normalization approaches for quantitative analysis of bile acids in human feces. Metabolites. 2022;12(8):723. doi:10.3390\/metabo12080723"},{"key":"B53","series-title":"Int J Anal Chem","first-page":"8551545","article-title":"Standardization of fecal metabolomics using microbiome preservation kits: implications for multiomics integration","author":"Lee YR","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lee YR, Park JH, Yoo HH, Choi I, Park HY. Standardization of fecal metabolomics using microbiome preservation kits: implications for multiomics integration. Int J Anal Chem. 2025;2025:8551545. doi:10.1155\/ianc\/8551545"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/aop\/ajvr.26.05.0223\/ajvr.26.05.0223.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/aop\/ajvr.26.05.0223\/ajvr.26.05.0223.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T18:42:04Z","timestamp":1787078524000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/aop\/ajvr.26.05.0223\/ajvr.26.05.0223.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"references-count":53,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.26.05.0223","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]}}}