{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:04:15Z","timestamp":1790874255828,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare sedation, intraocular pressure (IOP), mean pupil diameter, and recovery profiles after IM or SC administration at the governing vessel 20 (GV20) acupuncture point of medetomidine in cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective, randomized, controlled clinical study was conducted at the Animal Hospital of Ataturk University in April and May of 2026. Cats undergoing elective castration received medetomidine (70 \u00b5g\/kg) either IM or SC at GV20. Sedation score, IOP, and mean pupil diameter were recorded before and 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 minutes after injection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      16 cats completed the study, with 8 cats in each group. Governing vessel 20 produced higher sedation scores at 5 minutes (GV20, 10 [range, 8 to 11]; IM, 5 [range, 4 to 8];\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.23 to 0.97) and 10 minutes (GV20, 11 [range, 11 to 12]; IM, 8 [range, 8 to 11];\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.66; 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.98), with comparable scores thereafter. Intraocular pressure did not differ significantly between groups or over time. The mean pupil diameter was larger in the GV20 group than in the IM group from 10 to 30 minutes, with the greatest difference 30 minutes after medetomidine administration (GV20, 9.35 \u00b1 0.98 mm; IM, 6.94 \u00b1 1.78 mm; mean difference, 2.41 mm).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GV20 administration produced faster early sedation than IM medetomidine without clinically detectable IOP alteration or clinically relevant changes in mean pupil diameter, although early recovery should be monitored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GV20 administration may be useful when rapid early sedation is desired in healthy cats, but early recovery should be monitored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.26.05.0233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T18:55:37Z","timestamp":1786388137000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Subcutaneous medetomidine at the governing vessel 20 acupuncture point provides faster early sedation than intramuscular administration without altering intraocular pressure in cats"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Ay\u015fe","family":"G\u00f6lgeli Bedir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5890-8271","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Latif Emrah","family":"Yanmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasemin","family":"Ak\u00e7ora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c7a\u011flar","family":"\u00d6zkalip\u00e7i","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tu\u011f\u00e7e","family":"Kartal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2620-897X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"S\u0131tk\u0131can","family":"Okur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"B1","series-title":"Br Vet J","first-page":"519","article-title":"Medetomidine sedation in dogs and cats: a review of its pharmacology, antagonism and dose","volume":"152","author":"Cullen LK","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cullen LK. Medetomidine sedation in dogs and cats: a review of its pharmacology, antagonism and dose. Br Vet J. 1996;152(5):519\u2013535. doi:10.1016\/S0007-1935(96)80005-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"B2","series-title":"Acta Vet Scand","first-page":"267","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of medetomidine, a novel sedative and analgesic drug for dogs and cats","volume":"30","author":"V\u00e4h\u00e4-Vahe T","year":"1989","unstructured":"V\u00e4h\u00e4-Vahe T. Clinical evaluation of medetomidine, a novel sedative and analgesic drug for dogs and cats. Acta Vet Scand. 1989;30(3):267\u2013273. doi:10.1186\/BF03548031"},{"issue":"4","key":"B3","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"315","article-title":"Lack of effects of intramuscular medetomidine on intraocular pressure in clinically normal cats","volume":"18","author":"Malmasi A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Malmasi A, Selk Ghaffari M. Lack of effects of intramuscular medetomidine on intraocular pressure in clinically normal cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2016;18(4):315\u2013317. doi:10.1177\/1098612X15583343"},{"issue":"3","key":"B4","series-title":"J Hellenic Vet Med Soc","first-page":"5899","article-title":"Effect of butorphanol with and without medetomidine on intraocular pressure in cats","volume":"74","author":"Mohammadi N","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohammadi N, Yanmaz LE. Effect of butorphanol with and without medetomidine on intraocular pressure in cats. J Hellenic Vet Med Soc. 2023;74(3):5899\u20135902. doi:10.12681\/jhvms.26572"},{"issue":"5","key":"B5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"599","article-title":"Intranasal administration and intramuscular administration of medetomidine are effective for sedation and may increase cardiac size in cats","volume":"263","author":"Kaya Z","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kaya Z, Yanmaz LE. Intranasal administration and intramuscular administration of medetomidine are effective for sedation and may increase cardiac size in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2025;263(5):599\u2013603. doi:10.2460\/javma.24.11.0731"},{"issue":"2","key":"B6","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"41","article-title":"Comparing oral and intramuscular administration of medetomidine in cats","volume":"25","author":"Ansah OB","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ansah OB, Raekallio M, Vainio O. Comparing oral and intramuscular administration of medetomidine in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg. 1998;25(2):41\u201346. doi:10.1111\/j.1467-2995.1998.tb00168.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"B7","series-title":"Acta Cir Bras","first-page":"47","article-title":"Sedative and clinical effects of the pharmacopuncture with xylazine in dogs","volume":"29","author":"Cassu RN","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cassu RN, Melchert A, Canoa JTB, Martins PDO. Sedative and clinical effects of the pharmacopuncture with xylazine in dogs. 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