{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:55:54Z","timestamp":1790794554354,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To identify calf-related environmental reservoirs of\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Dublin on 25 dairy farms with a history of endemic infection in the northeastern US. We hypothesized that maternity pens and calf housing areas were reservoirs of\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      Dublin on such farms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We used real-time PCR to detect\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      in samples collected from dairy farm environments and subsequently cultured PCR-positive samples. All confirmed\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      Dublin isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing. A mixed-effects logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between farm location and PCR positivity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 678 environmental samples collected, 50.1% were PCR positive for\n                      <jats:italic>S enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      . A mixed-effects logistic regression model revealed calf-related equipment (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.4 to 3.7) and maternity pen areas (OR, 6.2; 95% CI, 4.0 to 9.8) to have increased odds of testing\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      PCR positive in comparison to calf housing areas. Additionally, we isolated and antigenically confirmed\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      Dublin from maternity pens and calf housing areas. Core genome variation assessment of these isolates revealed high genetic similarity to human isolates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results demonstrate that maternity pens and calf housing areas can harbor\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      Dublin. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis highlights the potential for this pathogen to spread among human, animal, and environmental reservoirs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Identifying maternity pens and calf housing areas as reservoirs of\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      Dublin can inform the development of targeted hygiene and biosecurity protocols for dairy herds with endemic infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.26.06.0244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:14:36Z","timestamp":1790792076000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Calf-related environments are reservoirs of Salmonella enterica on northeastern United States dairy farms with a history of endemic Salmonella Dublin infection"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2899-0283","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maya J.","family":"Craig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3327-596X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kevin J.","family":"Cummings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisha A.","family":"Frye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie D.","family":"Siler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca J.","family":"Franklin-Guild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly L.","family":"Sams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2290-1868","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Casey L.","family":"Cazer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura B.","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"B1","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"669","article-title":"Foodborne illness acquired in the United States-major pathogens, 2019","volume":"31","author":"Scallan Walter EJ","year":"2025","unstructured":"Scallan Walter EJ, Cui Z, Tierney R, et al. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States-major pathogens, 2019. Emerg Infect Dis. 2025;31(4):669\u2013677. doi:10.3201\/eid3104.240913"},{"issue":"9","key":"B2","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1493","article-title":"Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica serotype Dublin infections among humans, United States, 1968\u20132013","volume":"23","author":"Harvey RR","year":"2017","unstructured":"Harvey RR, Friedman CR, Crim SM, et al. Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica serotype Dublin infections among humans, United States, 1968\u20132013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(9):1493\u20131501. doi:10.3201\/eid2309.170136"},{"issue":"9","key":"B3","series-title":"J Dairy Sci","first-page":"4873","article-title":"Evaluation of milk yield losses associated with Salmonella antibodies in bulk tank milk in bovine dairy herds","volume":"95","author":"Nielsen TD","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nielsen TD, Green LE, Kudahl AB, \u00d8stergaard S, Nielsen LR. Evaluation of milk yield losses associated with Salmonella antibodies in bulk tank milk in bovine dairy herds. J Dairy Sci. 2012;95(9):4873\u20134885. doi:10.3168\/jds.2011-4332"},{"key":"B4","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","article-title":"Review: Salmonella Dublin in dairy cattle","author":"Velasquez-Munoz A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Velasquez-Munoz A, Castro-Vargas R, Cullens-Nobis FM, Mani R, Abuelo A. Review: Salmonella Dublin in dairy cattle. Front Vet Sci. 2024;10. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2023.1331767"},{"key":"B5","unstructured":"Food safety alert. CDC. December 30, 2019. Accessed February 4, 2026. https:\/\/archive.cdc.gov\/www_cdc_gov\/salmonella\/dublin-11-19\/index.html"},{"issue":"10","key":"B6","series-title":"Pathogens","first-page":"1299","article-title":"Revisiting persistent Salmonella infection and the carrier state: what do we know?","volume":"10","author":"Foster N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Foster N, Tang Y, Berchieri A, Geng S, Jiao X, Barrow P. Revisiting persistent Salmonella infection and the carrier state: what do we know? Pathogens. 2021;10(10):1299. doi:10.3390\/pathogens10101299"},{"issue":"4","key":"B7","series-title":"Agric Econ","first-page":"666","article-title":"Economic impacts of Salmonella Dublin in dairy farms: panel evidence from Denmark","volume":"56","author":"Belay D","year":"2025","unstructured":"Belay D, Olsen JV. Economic impacts of Salmonella Dublin in dairy farms: panel evidence from Denmark. Agric Econ. 2025;56(4):666\u2013693. doi:10.1111\/agec.70016"},{"issue":"10","key":"B8","series-title":"Epidemiol Infect","first-page":"2074","article-title":"Within-herd prevalence of Salmonella Dublin in endemically infected dairy herds","volume":"141","author":"NIELSEN LR","year":"2013","unstructured":"NIELSEN LR. Within-herd prevalence of Salmonella Dublin in endemically infected dairy herds. Epidemiol Infect. 2013;141(10):2074\u20132082. doi:10.1017\/S0950268812003007"},{"issue":"8","key":"B9","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"2418","article-title":"Salmonella enterica serotype Dublin infection: an emerging infectious disease for the northeastern United States","volume":"37","author":"McDonough PL","year":"1999","unstructured":"McDonough PL, Fogelman D, Shin SJ, Brunner MA, Lein DH. Salmonella enterica serotype Dublin infection: an emerging infectious disease for the northeastern United States. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37(8):2418\u20132427. doi:10.1128\/JCM.37.8.2418-2427.1999"},{"key":"B10","series-title":"Transbounding Emerging Dis","first-page":"9461144","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of postmortem Salmonella Dublin cases in dairy cattle in British Columbia","author":"Boyd E","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boyd E, Dick J, Millar C, Ghosh K, Arya G, Himsworth C. A retrospective analysis of postmortem Salmonella Dublin cases in dairy cattle in British Columbia. Transbounding Emerging Dis. 2024;2024:9461144. doi:10.1155\/2024\/9461144"},{"issue":"1","key":"B11","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0318007","article-title":"Dynamics of Salmonella Dublin infection and antimicrobial resistance in a dairy herd endemic to salmonellosis","volume":"20","author":"Amarante VS","year":"2025","unstructured":"Amarante VS, Pereira JKC, Serafini MF, et al. Dynamics of Salmonella Dublin infection and antimicrobial resistance in a dairy herd endemic to salmonellosis. PLoS One. 2025;20(1):e0318007. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0318007"},{"issue":"1","key":"B12","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract","first-page":"133","article-title":"Salmonella in dairy cattle","volume":"34","author":"Holschbach CL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Holschbach CL, Peek SF. Salmonella in dairy cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2018;34(1):133\u2013154. doi:10.1016\/j.cvfa.2017.10.005"},{"key":"B13","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"779900","article-title":"The impact of overstocking and negative energy balance on quantitative measurement of non-typhoidal Salmonella in periparturient dairy cattle","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-Vargas L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Vargas L, Pempek JA, Proudfoot K, et al. The impact of overstocking and negative energy balance on quantitative measurement of non-typhoidal Salmonella in periparturient dairy cattle. Front Vet Sci. 2022;9:779900. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2022.779900"},{"issue":"12","key":"B14","series-title":"J Dairy Sci","first-page":"9426","article-title":"Risk factors for Salmonella Dublin on dairy farms in Ontario, Canada","volume":"106","author":"Perry KV","year":"2023","unstructured":"Perry KV, Kelton DF, Dufour S, Miltenburg C, Umana Sedo SG, Renaud DL. Risk factors for Salmonella Dublin on dairy farms in Ontario, Canada. J Dairy Sci. 2023;106(12):9426\u20139439. doi:10.3168\/jds.2023-23517"},{"issue":"6","key":"B15","series-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest","first-page":"844","article-title":"Detection of Salmonella spp. in veterinary samples by combining selective enrichment and real-time PCR","volume":"29","author":"Goodman LB","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goodman LB, McDonough PL, Anderson RR, et al. Detection of Salmonella spp. in veterinary samples by combining selective enrichment and real-time PCR. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2017;29(6):844\u2013851. doi:10.1177\/1040638717728315"},{"key":"B16","series-title":"Antigenic Formulae of the Salmonella Serovars","author":"Grimont PAD","year":"2007","unstructured":"Grimont PAD, Weill F. Antigenic Formulae of the Salmonella Serovars. 9th ed. WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Salmonella, Institute Pastuer; 2007."},{"key":"B17","year":"2025","unstructured":"Antibiotics tested by NARMS. CDC. February 27, 2025. Accessed April 7, 2026. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/narms\/about\/antibiotics-tested.html"},{"key":"B18","author":"Timme R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Timme R, Haendiges J, Pfefer T, Strain E, Balkey M. NCBI submission protocol for microbial pathogen surveillance. April 11, 2023. Accessed February 4, 2026. https:\/\/www.protocols.io\/view\/ncbi-submission-protocol-for-microbial-pathogen-su-cspbwdin"},{"issue":"1","key":"B19","series-title":"Genome Biol","first-page":"153","article-title":"SKESA: strategic k-mer extension for scrupulous assemblies","volume":"19","author":"Souvorov A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Souvorov A, Agarwala R, Lipman DJ. SKESA: strategic k-mer extension for scrupulous assemblies. Genome Biol. 2018;19(1):153. doi:10.1186\/s13059-018-1540-z"},{"key":"B20","series-title":"Wellcome Open Res","first-page":"124","article-title":"Open-access bacterial population genomics: BIGSdb software, the PubMLST.org website and their applications","author":"Jolley KA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jolley KA, Bray JE, Maiden MCJ. Open-access bacterial population genomics: BIGSdb software, the PubMLST.org website and their applications. Wellcome Open Res. 2018;3:124. doi:10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.14826.1"},{"issue":"15","key":"B21","series-title":"Bioinformatics","first-page":"2114","article-title":"Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data","volume":"30","author":"Bolger AM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bolger AM, Lohse M, Usadel B. Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics. 2014;30(15):2114\u20132120. doi:10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170"},{"issue":"8","key":"B22","series-title":"Bioinformatics","first-page":"1072","article-title":"QUAST: quality assessment tool for genome assemblies","volume":"29","author":"Gurevich A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gurevich A, Saveliev V, Vyahhi N, Tesler G. QUAST: quality assessment tool for genome assemblies. Bioinformatics. 2013;29(8):1072\u20131075. doi:10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt086"},{"issue":"14","key":"B23","series-title":"Bioinformatics","first-page":"2068","article-title":"Prokka: rapid prokaryotic genome annotation","volume":"30","author":"Seemann T","year":"2014","unstructured":"Seemann T. Prokka: rapid prokaryotic genome annotation. Bioinformatics. 2014;30(14):2068\u20132069. doi:10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu153"},{"issue":"1","key":"B24","series-title":"Genome Biol","first-page":"180","article-title":"Producing polished prokaryotic pangenomes with the Panaroo pipeline","volume":"21","author":"Tonkin-Hill G","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tonkin-Hill G, MacAlasdair N, Ruis C, et al. Producing polished prokaryotic pangenomes with the Panaroo pipeline. Genome Biol. 2020;21(1):180. doi:10.1186\/s13059-020-02090-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"B25","series-title":"Mol Biol Evol","first-page":"268","article-title":"IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen LT","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nguyen LT, Schmidt HA, von Haeseler A, Minh BQ. IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies. Mol Biol Evol. 2015;32(1):268\u2013274. doi:10.1093\/molbev\/msu300"},{"issue":"W1","key":"B26","series-title":"Nucleic Acids Res","first-page":"W293","article-title":"Interactive tree of life (iTOL) v5: an online tool for phylogenetic tree display and annotation","volume":"49","author":"Letunic I","year":"2021","unstructured":"Letunic I, Bork P. Interactive tree of life (iTOL) v5: an online tool for phylogenetic tree display and annotation. Nucleic Acids Res. 2021;49(W1):W293\u2013W296. doi:10.1093\/nar\/gkab301"},{"issue":"1","key":"B27","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"12728","article-title":"AMRFinderPlus and the reference gene catalog facilitate examination of the genomic links among antimicrobial resistance, stress response, and virulence","volume":"11","author":"Feldgarden M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feldgarden M, Brover V, Gonzalez-Escalona N, et al. AMRFinderPlus and the reference gene catalog facilitate examination of the genomic links among antimicrobial resistance, stress response, and virulence. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):12728. doi:10.1038\/s41598-021-91456-0"},{"issue":"8","key":"B28","series-title":"Microb Genomics","first-page":"e000206","article-title":"MOB-suite: software tools for clustering, reconstruction and typing of plasmids from draft assemblies","volume":"4","author":"Robertson J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Robertson J, Nash JHE. MOB-suite: software tools for clustering, reconstruction and typing of plasmids from draft assemblies. Microb Genomics. 2018;4(8):e000206. doi:10.1099\/mgen.0.000206"},{"key":"B29","year":"2026","unstructured":"Pathogen detection. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Accessed April 7, 2026. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pathogens\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"B30","series-title":"J Stat Softw","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates D","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bates D, M\u00e4chler M, Bolker B, Walker S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Stat Softw. 2015;67(1):1\u201348. doi:10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"issue":"2","key":"B31","series-title":"JDS Commun","first-page":"86","article-title":"Survival of bovine-associated serotypes of Salmonella enterica in bedding sand","volume":"4","author":"Pilch H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pilch H, Aulik N, Sockett D, Czuprynski CJ. Survival of bovine-associated serotypes of Salmonella enterica in bedding sand. JDS Commun. 2023;4(2):86\u201390. doi:10.3168\/jdsc.2022-0305"},{"issue":"1","key":"B32","series-title":"Prev Vet Med","first-page":"39","article-title":"Cattle and environmental sample-level factors associated with the presence of Salmonella in a multi-state study of conventional and organic dairy farms","volume":"67","author":"Fossler CP","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fossler CP, Wells SJ, Kaneene JB, et al. Cattle and environmental sample-level factors associated with the presence of Salmonella in a multi-state study of conventional and organic dairy farms. Prev Vet Med. 2005;67(1):39\u201353. doi:10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2004.10.005"},{"issue":"4","key":"B33","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"585","article-title":"Long-term persistence of multi-drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Newport in two dairy herds","volume":"228","author":"Cobbold RN","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cobbold RN, Rice DH, Davis MA, Besser TE, Hancock DD. Long-term persistence of multi-drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Newport in two dairy herds. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006;228(4):585\u2013591. doi:10.2460\/javma.228.4.585"},{"issue":"6","key":"B34","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"649","article-title":"Environmental salmonella surveillance in the Ohio State University veterinary teaching hospital","volume":"9","author":"Pandya M","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pandya M, Wittum T, Tadesse DA, Gebreyes W, Hoet A. Environmental salmonella surveillance in the Ohio State University veterinary teaching hospital. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2009;9(6):649\u2013654. doi:10.1089\/vbz.2008.0120"},{"issue":"4","key":"B35","series-title":"PloS One","first-page":"e34722","article-title":"Selective enrichment media bias the types of Salmonella enterica strains isolated from mixed strain cultures and complex enrichment broths","volume":"7","author":"Gorski L","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gorski L. Selective enrichment media bias the types of Salmonella enterica strains isolated from mixed strain cultures and complex enrichment broths. PloS One. 2012;7(4):e34722. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0034722"},{"issue":"2","key":"B36","series-title":"Am Assoc Bov Pract Conf Proc","first-page":"225","article-title":"Detecting Salmonella Dublin in environmental samples through endpoint multiplex PCR and culture","volume":"57","author":"Arevalo-Mayorga A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arevalo-Mayorga A, Locke S, Middleton G, Kopkey J, Habing G. Detecting Salmonella Dublin in environmental samples through endpoint multiplex PCR and culture. Am Assoc Bov Pract Conf Proc. 2024;57(2):225\u2013225. doi:10.21423\/aabppro20249176"},{"issue":"8","key":"B37","series-title":"J Dairy Sci","first-page":"3766","article-title":"The incidence of salmonellosis among dairy herds in the northeastern United States","volume":"92","author":"Cummings KJ","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cummings KJ, Warnick LD, Alexander KA, et al. The incidence of salmonellosis among dairy herds in the northeastern United States. J Dairy Sci. 2009;92(8):3766\u20133774. doi:10.3168\/jds.2009-2093"},{"issue":"4","key":"B38","series-title":"Zoonoses Public Health","first-page":"359","article-title":"Serotype and anti-microbial resistance trends among bovine Salmonella isolates from samples submitted to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory in central New York, 2007\u20132021","volume":"71","author":"Craig MJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Craig MJ, Cummings KJ, Aprea MS, Franklin-Guild RJ, Altier C. Serotype and anti-microbial resistance trends among bovine Salmonella isolates from samples submitted to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory in central New York, 2007\u20132021. Zoonoses Public Health. 2024;71(4):359\u2013368. doi:10.1111\/zph.13108"},{"issue":"4","key":"B39","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"574","article-title":"Isolation of Salmonella spp from the environment of dairies without any history of clinical salmonellosis","volume":"225","author":"Peek SE","year":"2004","unstructured":"Peek SE, Hartmann FA, Thomas CB, Nordlund KV. Isolation of Salmonella spp from the environment of dairies without any history of clinical salmonellosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004;225(4):574\u2013577. doi:10.2460\/javma.2004.225.574"},{"issue":"3","key":"B40","series-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol","first-page":"e01894-19","article-title":"Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin in cattle and humans in Denmark, 1996 to 2016: a retrospective whole-genome-based study","volume":"86","author":"Kudirkiene E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kudirkiene E, S\u00f8rensen G, Torpdahl M, et al. Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin in cattle and humans in Denmark, 1996 to 2016: a retrospective whole-genome-based study. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2020;86(3):e01894-19. doi:10.1128\/AEM.01894-19"},{"key":"B41","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"1081611","article-title":"Clonal relation between Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Dublin strains of bovine and food origin in Germany","author":"Linde J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Linde J, Szabo I, Tausch SH, Deneke C, Methner U. Clonal relation between Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Dublin strains of bovine and food origin in Germany. Front Vet Sci. 2023;10:1081611. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2023.1081611"},{"issue":"9","key":"B42","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0249617","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and genomic characterization of Salmonella Dublin isolates in cattle from the United States","volume":"16","author":"Srednik ME","year":"2021","unstructured":"Srednik ME, Lantz K, Hicks JA, Morningstar-Shaw BR, Mackie TA, Schlater LK. Antimicrobial resistance and genomic characterization of Salmonella Dublin isolates in cattle from the United States. PLoS One. 2021;16(9):e0249617. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0249617"},{"issue":"9","key":"B43","series-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol","first-page":"e00689-25","article-title":"Genomic evolution of Salmonella Dublin in cattle and humans in the United States","volume":"91","author":"Kenney SM","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kenney SM, M\u2019ikanatha NM, Ganda E. Genomic evolution of Salmonella Dublin in cattle and humans in the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2025;91(9):e00689-25. doi:10.1128\/aem.00689-25"},{"issue":"8","key":"B44","series-title":"Genome Biol Evol","first-page":"2220","article-title":"Geography shapes the population genomics of Salmonella enterica Dublin","volume":"11","author":"Fenske GJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fenske GJ, Thachil A, McDonough PL, Glaser A, Scaria J. Geography shapes the population genomics of Salmonella enterica Dublin. Genome Biol Evol. 2019;11(8):2220\u20132231. doi:10.1093\/gbe\/evz158"},{"issue":"12","key":"B45","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"e45","article-title":"2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea","volume":"65","author":"Shane AL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, et al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65(12):e45\u2013e80. doi:10.1093\/cid\/cix669"},{"issue":"8","key":"B46","series-title":"Microb Drug Resist","first-page":"1238","article-title":"Comparative genomic analysis of virulence, antimicrobial resistance, and plasmid profiles of Salmonella Dublin isolated from sick cattle, retail beef, and humans in the United States","volume":"25","author":"Hsu CH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hsu CH, Li C, Hoffmann M, et al. Comparative genomic analysis of virulence, antimicrobial resistance, and plasmid profiles of Salmonella Dublin isolated from sick cattle, retail beef, and humans in the United States. Microb Drug Resist. 2019;25(8):1238\u20131249. doi:10.1089\/mdr.2019.0045"},{"issue":"6","key":"B47","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"e00108-19","article-title":"Genomic investigation of the emergence of invasive multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin in humans and animals in Canada","volume":"63","author":"Mangat CS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mangat CS, Bekal S, Avery BP, et al. Genomic investigation of the emergence of invasive multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin in humans and animals in Canada. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019;63(6):e00108-19. doi:10.1128\/AAC.00108-19"},{"issue":"5","key":"B48","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"1786","article-title":"The spv genes on the Salmonella Dublin virulence plasmid are required for severe enteritis and systemic infection in the natural host","volume":"65","author":"Libby SJ","year":"1997","unstructured":"Libby SJ, Adams LG, Ficht TA, et al. The spv genes on the Salmonella Dublin virulence plasmid are required for severe enteritis and systemic infection in the natural host. Infect Immun. 1997;65(5):1786\u20131792. doi:10.1128\/iai.65.5.1786-1792.1997"},{"issue":"4","key":"B49","series-title":"Microorganisms","first-page":"886","article-title":"Comparative genomic profiles of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella Dublin bovine isolates from the U.S. indicate possible factors associated with the host adaptation of Salmonella Dublin in the region","volume":"13","author":"Bentum KE","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bentum KE, Kuufire E, Nyarku R, et al. Comparative genomic profiles of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella Dublin bovine isolates from the U.S. indicate possible factors associated with the host adaptation of Salmonella Dublin in the region. Microorganisms. 2025;13(4):886. doi:10.3390\/microorganisms13040886"},{"issue":"3","key":"B50","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"e00606-20","article-title":"Salmonella enterica serovars Dublin and Enteritidis comparative proteomics reveals differential expression of proteins involved in stress resistance, virulence, and anaerobic metabolism","volume":"89","author":"Martinez-Sanguin\u00e9 AY","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martinez-Sanguin\u00e9 AY, D\u2019Alessandro B, Langleib M, et al. Salmonella enterica serovars Dublin and Enteritidis comparative proteomics reveals differential expression of proteins involved in stress resistance, virulence, and anaerobic metabolism. Infect Immun. 2021;89(3):e00606-20. doi:10.1128\/iai.00606-20"},{"issue":"4","key":"B51","series-title":"Appl Microbiol","first-page":"1630","article-title":"Bacterial resistance to mercury: a mini-review","volume":"4","author":"de Mattos D\u2019Avila DG","year":"2024","unstructured":"de Mattos D\u2019Avila DG, Ferrari RG, de Almeida Rodrigues P, et al. Bacterial resistance to mercury: a mini-review. Appl Microbiol. 2024;4(4):1630\u20131641. doi:10.3390\/applmicrobiol4040111"},{"issue":"4","key":"B52","series-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev","first-page":"239","article-title":"Distribution, diversity and evolution of the bacterial mercury resistance (mer) operon","volume":"19","author":"Osborn AM","year":"1997","unstructured":"Osborn AM, Bruce KD, Strike P, Ritchie DA. Distribution, diversity and evolution of the bacterial mercury resistance (mer) operon. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 1997;19(4):239\u2013262. doi:10.1111\/j.1574-6976.1997.tb00300.x"},{"key":"B53","series-title":"Food Microbiol","first-page":"104431","article-title":"Growth assessment of Salmonella enterica multi-serovar populations in poultry rinsates with commonly used enrichment and plating media","author":"Gorski L","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gorski L, Shariat NW, Richards AK, Siceloff AT, Aviles Noriega A, Harhay DM. Growth assessment of Salmonella enterica multi-serovar populations in poultry rinsates with commonly used enrichment and plating media. Food Microbiol. 2024;119:104431. doi:10.1016\/j.fm.2023.104431"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/aop\/ajvr.26.06.0244\/ajvr.26.06.0244.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/aop\/ajvr.26.06.0244\/ajvr.26.06.0244.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:14:37Z","timestamp":1790792077000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/aop\/ajvr.26.06.0244\/ajvr.26.06.0244.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":53,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.26.06.0244","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]}}}