{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:04:12Z","timestamp":1790874252505,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate oxidative stress biomarkers (malondialdehyde [MDA] and total oxidant status [TOS]), selected nonenzymatic endogenous (glutathione [GSH], albumin, and bilirubin), and, for the first time, exogenous (ascorbic acid, \u03b1-tocopherol, \u03b2-carotene, and retinol) antioxidants together with hematobiochemical alterations in canine pyometra.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>33 bitches were classified into pyometra (n = 17) or control (16) groups based on clinical and hematological evaluations. Ascorbic acid was measured by the phosphotungstate method; GSH, MDA, \u03b2-carotene, and retinol spectrophotometrically; \u03b1-tocopherol by ELISA; and TOS by a colorimetric assay. Hematobiochemical variables were analyzed using automated analyzers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Bitches with pyometra had higher MDA and TOS than controls (36.30 \u00b1 13.95 \u00b5mol\/L vs 24.61 \u00b1 4.80 \u00b5mol\/L and 27.78 \u00b1 15.51 \u00b5mol H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      Eq\/L vs 13.13 \u00b1 1.84 \u00b5mol H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      Eq\/L; Hedges\u2019\n                      <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1.08 and 1.27, respectively). Glutathione tended to increase in pyometra (12.04 \u00b1 10.80 nmol\/g Hb vs 6.40 \u00b1 2.97 nmol\/g Hb; Hedges\u2019\n                      <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.68), whereas the other antioxidants were similar between groups. Pyometra was also associated with leukocytosis, neutrophilia, monocytosis, decreased erythrocyte counts and Hct, and increased ALP, ALT, and cholesterol.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Canine pyometra is accompanied by systemic oxidative stress and hematobiochemical alterations. However, circulating nonenzymatic antioxidants remained largely unchanged, suggesting complex antioxidant regulation rather than simple depletion. Increased GSH may reflect a thiol-based compensatory response to increased oxidative burden.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nonenzymatic antioxidant regulation in canine pyometra may be more complex than simple depletion. Further studies incorporating disease-severity stratification and tissue-level assessments of both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants are warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.26.06.0255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T12:45:36Z","timestamp":1786452336000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Systemic oxidative stress, selected nonenzymatic exogenous and endogenous antioxidants, and hematologic and biochemical alterations in bitches with pyometra"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2150-0640","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cevdet","family":"Peker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8988-3158","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eyy\u00fcp Hakan","family":"U\u00e7ar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9625-7956","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gamze Sevri","family":"Ekren A\u015f\u0131c\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8503-0441","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bayaz\u0131t","family":"Musal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"B1","series-title":"Theriogenology","first-page":"610","article-title":"Canine pyometra","volume":"66","author":"Smith FO","year":"2006","unstructured":"Smith FO. 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