{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:53:19Z","timestamp":1791226399198,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the feasibility of an optical neuronavigation\u2013guided transcranial approach to the equine pituitary gland, compare pituitary tissue acquisition using MRI versus CT guidance, and assess an automated tissue resection device versus a standard biopsy needle.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>13 equine cadaver heads from horses euthanized for reasons unrelated to the study were used. A fiducial array was secured to the frontal bone before imaging; 7 heads underwent CT, and 6 heads underwent MRI. Images were imported into a neuronavigation system for 3-D reconstruction, surgical planning, and registration. Eighteen pituitary biopsy samples were obtained: 7 using a neuronavigation-guided automated morcellation and aspiration device and 11 using a standard biopsy needle. All samples were processed with hematoxylin and eosin staining, and histologic evaluation was performed by a veterinary pathologist blinded to biopsy technique and imaging modality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pituitary tissue was confirmed histologically in 7 of 13 heads overall (53.8%): 6 of 6 MRI-guided heads (100%) and 1 of 7 CT-guided heads (14.3%). Both biopsy techniques were applied to each of the 6 MRI-guided heads (paired design); the automated morcellation device yielded pituitary tissue in 4 of 6 heads (66.7%), compared with 2 of 6 heads (33.3%) using the standard biopsy needle.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Optical neuronavigation enabled feasible transcranial access to the equine pituitary gland in cadaveric specimens, with tissue acquisition improved using MRI guidance and automated morcellation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings support further investigation of neuronavigation-guided hypophysectomy as a potential treatment for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.26.06.0256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:07:36Z","timestamp":1791223656000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optical neuronavigation facilitates transcranial surgical access to the equine pituitary gland"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4593-3173","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andres","family":"Bonilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"},{"name":"Contributed equally to this work."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4990-5006","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lynn M.","family":"Pezzanite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"},{"name":"Contributed equally to this work."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Kappel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8402-9238","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Colleen G.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Downey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7294-6407","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeremiah","family":"Easley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"B1","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"66","article-title":"Evaluation of basal plasma \u03b1-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotrophic hormone concentrations for the diagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction from a population of aged horses","volume":"45","author":"McGowan TW","year":"2013","unstructured":"McGowan TW, Pinchbeck GP, McGowan CM. Evaluation of basal plasma \u03b1-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotrophic hormone concentrations for the diagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction from a population of aged horses. Equine Vet J. 2013;45(1):66\u201373. doi:10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00575.x"},{"key":"B2","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"22","article-title":"Epidemiology of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: a systematic literature review of clinical presentation, disease prevalence and risk factors","author":"Ireland JL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ireland JL, McGowan CM. Epidemiology of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: a systematic literature review of clinical presentation, disease prevalence and risk factors. Vet J. 2018;235:22\u201333. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.03.002"},{"issue":"4","key":"B3","series-title":"Equine Vet Educ","first-page":"216","article-title":"Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"26","author":"Durham AE","year":"2014","unstructured":"Durham AE, McGowan CM, Fey K, Tamzali Y, van der Kolk JH. Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: diagnosis and treatment. Equine Vet Educ. 2014;26(4):216\u2013223. doi:10.1111\/eve.12160"},{"issue":"10","key":"B4","series-title":"Vet Sci","first-page":"556","article-title":"Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) in horses","volume":"9","author":"Kirkwood NC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kirkwood NC, Hughes KJ, Stewart AJ. Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) in horses. Vet Sci. 2022;9(10):556. doi:10.3390\/vetsci9100556"},{"issue":"8","key":"B5","series-title":"Vet Sci","first-page":"780","article-title":"Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction","volume":"12","author":"Menzies-Gow NJ","year":"2025","unstructured":"Menzies-Gow NJ. Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Vet Sci. 2025;12(8):780. doi:10.3390\/vetsci12080780"},{"issue":"6","key":"B6","series-title":"Brain Res Bull","first-page":"587","article-title":"The mammalian pituitary intermediate lobe: an update on innervation and regulation","volume":"54","author":"Saland LC","year":"2001","unstructured":"Saland LC. The mammalian pituitary intermediate lobe: an update on innervation and regulation. Brain Res Bull. 2001;54(6):587\u2013593. doi:10.1016\/S0361-9230(01)00471-3"},{"issue":"4","key":"B7","series-title":"Endocrinology","first-page":"1430","article-title":"Equine Cushing\u2019s disease: plasma immunoreactive proopiolipomelanocortin peptide and cortisol levels basally and in response to diagnostic tests","volume":"110","author":"Orth DN","year":"1982","unstructured":"Orth DN, Holscher MA, Wilson MG, Nicholson WE, Plue RE, Mount CD. Equine Cushing\u2019s disease: plasma immunoreactive proopiolipomelanocortin peptide and cortisol levels basally and in response to diagnostic tests. Endocrinology. 1982;110(4):1430\u20131441. doi:10.1210\/endo-110-4-1430"},{"issue":"1","key":"B8","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0190796","article-title":"Profiles of pro-opiomelanocortin and encoded peptides, and their processing enzymes in equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction","volume":"13","author":"Carmalt JL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carmalt JL, Mortazavi S, McOnie RC, Allen AL, Unniappan S. Profiles of pro-opiomelanocortin and encoded peptides, and their processing enzymes in equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. PLoS One. 2018;13(1):e0190796. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0190796"},{"issue":"S1","key":"B9","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"S71","article-title":"Collecting equine whole blood in glass tubes does not decrease adrenocorticotropic hormone concentration compared to plastic tubes","volume":"263","author":"Stapley ED","year":"2025","unstructured":"Stapley ED, Bertin FR. Collecting equine whole blood in glass tubes does not decrease adrenocorticotropic hormone concentration compared to plastic tubes. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2025;263(S1):S71\u2013S75. doi:10.2460\/javma.25.02.0122"},{"issue":"10","key":"B10","series-title":"Vet Sci","first-page":"572","article-title":"Prospective case series of clinical signs and adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) concentrations in seven horses transitioning to pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID)","volume":"9","author":"Kirkwood NC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kirkwood NC, Hughes KJ, Stewart AJ. Prospective case series of clinical signs and adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) concentrations in seven horses transitioning to pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID). Vet Sci. 2022;9(10):572. doi:10.3390\/vetsci9100572"},{"issue":"1","key":"B11","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"560","article-title":"Clinical implications of using adrenocorticotropic hormone diagnostic cutoffs or reference intervals to diagnose pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in mature horses","volume":"35","author":"Horn R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Horn R, Stewart AJ, Jackson KV, Dryburgh EL, Medina-Torres CE, Bertin FR. Clinical implications of using adrenocorticotropic hormone diagnostic cutoffs or reference intervals to diagnose pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in mature horses. J Vet Intern Med. 2021;35(1):560\u2013570. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16017"},{"issue":"4","key":"B12","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"987","article-title":"Evaluation of the combined dexamethasone suppression\/thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test for detection of pars intermedia pituitary adenomas in horses","volume":"20","author":"Frank N","year":"2006","unstructured":"Frank N, Andrews FM, Sommardahl CS, Eiler H, Rohrbach BW, Donnell RL. Evaluation of the combined dexamethasone suppression\/thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test for detection of pars intermedia pituitary adenomas in horses. J Vet Intern Med. 2006;20(4):987\u2013993. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb01816.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"B13","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"250","article-title":"Clinically and temporally specific diagnostic thresholds for plasma ACTH in the horse","volume":"53","author":"Durham AE","year":"2021","unstructured":"Durham AE, Clarke BR, Potier JFN, Hammarstrand R, Malone GL. Clinically and temporally specific diagnostic thresholds for plasma ACTH in the horse. Equine Vet J. 2021;53(2):250\u2013260. doi:10.1111\/evj.13292"},{"issue":"1","key":"B14","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"74","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors and clinical signs predictive for equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in aged horses","volume":"45","author":"McGowan TW","year":"2013","unstructured":"McGowan TW, Pinchbeck GP, McGowan CM. Prevalence, risk factors and clinical signs predictive for equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in aged horses. Equine Vet J. 2013;45(1):74\u201379. doi:10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00578.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"B15","series-title":"Can J Vet Res","first-page":"261","article-title":"Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: an international survey of veterinarians\u2019 approach to diagnosis, management, and estimated prevalence","volume":"81","author":"Carmalt JL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carmalt JL, Waldner CL, Allen AL. Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: an international survey of veterinarians\u2019 approach to diagnosis, management, and estimated prevalence. Can J Vet Res. 2017;81(4):261\u2013269."},{"key":"B16","series-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol","first-page":"135","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pergolide mesylate after oral administration in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction","author":"Rendle DI","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rendle DI, Doran G, Ireland J, Edwards S. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pergolide mesylate after oral administration in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2019;68:135\u2013141. doi:10.1016\/j.domaniend.2019.01.008"},{"issue":"2","key":"B17","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"158","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of pergolide mesylate following long-term administration to horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction","volume":"40","author":"McFarlane D","year":"2017","unstructured":"McFarlane D, Banse H, Knych HK, Maxwell LK. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of pergolide mesylate following long-term administration to horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2017;40(2):158\u2013164. doi:10.1111\/jvp.12339"},{"issue":"1","key":"B18","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0244784","article-title":"Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: identifying research priorities for diagnosis, treatment and prognosis through a priority setting partnership","volume":"16","author":"Tatum RC","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tatum RC, McGowan CM, Dean RS, Ireland JL. Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: identifying research priorities for diagnosis, treatment and prognosis through a priority setting partnership. PLoS One. 2021;16(1):e0244784. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0244784"},{"issue":"4","key":"B19","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"369","article-title":"Transsphenoidal surgery using a high definition video telescope for pituitary adenomas in dogs with pituitary dependent hypercortisolism: methods and results","volume":"43","author":"Mamelak AN","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mamelak AN, Owen TJ, Bruyette D. Transsphenoidal surgery using a high definition video telescope for pituitary adenomas in dogs with pituitary dependent hypercortisolism: methods and results. Vet Surg. 2014;43(4):369\u2013379. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12146.x"},{"issue":"7","key":"B20","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"2454","article-title":"Treatment of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a consensus statement","volume":"93","author":"Biller BMK","year":"2008","unstructured":"Biller BMK, Grossman AB, Stewart PM, et al. Treatment of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(7):2454\u20132462. doi:10.1210\/jc.2007-2734"},{"issue":"3","key":"B21","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"246","article-title":"Results of transsphenoidal hypophysectomy in 52 dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"27","author":"Meij BP","year":"1998","unstructured":"Meij BP, Voorhout G, van den Ingh TS, Hazewinkel HA, Teske E, Rijnberk A. Results of transsphenoidal hypophysectomy in 52 dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Vet Surg. 1998;27(3):246\u2013261. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1998.tb00123.x"},{"issue":"7","key":"B22","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"1275","article-title":"The frontotemporal-orbitozygomatic approach: reconstructive technique and outcome","volume":"154","author":"Youssef AS","year":"2012","unstructured":"Youssef AS, Willard L, Downes A, et al. The frontotemporal-orbitozygomatic approach: reconstructive technique and outcome. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2012;154(7):1275\u20131283. doi:10.1007\/s00701-012-1370-9"},{"issue":"5","key":"B23","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"500","article-title":"Preliminary anatomic investigation of three approaches to the equine cranium and brain for limited craniectomy procedures","volume":"36","author":"Kramer J","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kramer J, Coates JR, Hoffman AG, Frappier BL. Preliminary anatomic investigation of three approaches to the equine cranium and brain for limited craniectomy procedures. Vet Surg. 2007;36(5):500\u2013508. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00297.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"B24","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"950","article-title":"Computed tomography\u2013guided brain biopsy for in vivo diagnosis of a cholesterinic granuloma in a horse","volume":"233","author":"Vanschandevijl K","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vanschandevijl K, Gielen I, Nollet H, Vlaminck L, Deprez P, van Bree H. Computed tomography\u2013guided brain biopsy for in vivo diagnosis of a cholesterinic granuloma in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008;233(6):950\u2013954. doi:10.2460\/javma.233.6.950"},{"issue":"2","key":"B25","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"251","article-title":"Intracranial abscess caused by Rhodococcus equi infection in a foal","volume":"228","author":"Janicek JC","year":"2006","unstructured":"Janicek JC, Kramer J, Coates JR, Lattimer JC, LaCarrubba AM, Messer NT. Intracranial abscess caused by Rhodococcus equi infection in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006;228(2):251\u2013253. doi:10.2460\/javma.228.2.251"},{"issue":"5","key":"B26","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"494","article-title":"Successful treatment of intracranial abscesses in 2 horses","volume":"15","author":"Cornelisse CJ","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cornelisse CJ, Schott HC 2nd, Lowrie CT, Rosenstein DS. Successful treatment of intracranial abscesses in 2 horses. J Vet Intern Med. 2001;15(5):494. doi:10.1892\/0891-6640(2001)015<0494:STOIAI>2.3.CO;2"},{"issue":"6","key":"B27","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"552","article-title":"Brain abscess in a horse: diagnosis by computed tomography and successful surgical treatment","volume":"19","author":"Allen JR","year":"1987","unstructured":"Allen JR, Barbee DD, Boulton CR, Major MD, Crisman MV, Murnane RD. Brain abscess in a horse: diagnosis by computed tomography and successful surgical treatment. Equine Vet J. 1987;19(6):552\u2013555. doi:10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1987.tb02672.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"B28","series-title":"Vet Quart","first-page":"21","article-title":"Development of two surgical approaches to the pituitary gland in the horse","volume":"38","author":"Carmalt JL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carmalt JL, Scansen BA. Development of two surgical approaches to the pituitary gland in the horse. Vet Quart. 2018;38(1):21\u201327. doi:10.1080\/01652176.2017.1415488"},{"issue":"3","key":"B29","series-title":"Vet Quart","first-page":"165","article-title":"Design of an endovascular morcellator for the surgical treatment of equine Cushing\u2019s disease","volume":"35","author":"Sakes A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sakes A, Arkenbout EA, Jel\u00ednek F, van der Kolk JH, Breedveld P. Design of an endovascular morcellator for the surgical treatment of equine Cushing\u2019s disease. Vet Quart. 2015;35(3):165\u2013169. doi:10.1080\/01652176.2015.1047676"},{"issue":"1","key":"B30","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"216","article-title":"Validation of a magnetic resonance imaging guided stereotactic access to the ovine brainstem","volume":"10","author":"Staudacher A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Staudacher A, Oevermann A, Stoffel MH, Gorgas D. Validation of a magnetic resonance imaging guided stereotactic access to the ovine brainstem. BMC Vet Res. 2014;10(1):216. doi:10.1186\/s12917-014-0216-5"},{"issue":"12","key":"B31","series-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab","first-page":"2521","article-title":"Lesional and perilesional tissue characterization by automated image processing in a novel gyrencephalic animal model of peracute intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"39","author":"Boltze J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boltze J, Ferrara F, Hainsworth AH, et al. Lesional and perilesional tissue characterization by automated image processing in a novel gyrencephalic animal model of peracute intracerebral hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2019;39(12):2521\u20132535. doi:10.1177\/0271678X18802119"},{"key":"B32","series-title":"Front Neuroanat","first-page":"69","article-title":"A stereotaxic, population-averaged T1w ovine brain atlas including cerebral morphology and tissue volumes","author":"Nitzsche B","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nitzsche B, Frey S, Collins LD, et al. A stereotaxic, population-averaged T1w ovine brain atlas including cerebral morphology and tissue volumes. Front Neuroanat. 2015;9:69. doi:10.3389\/fnana.2015.00069"},{"issue":"5","key":"B33","series-title":"Lab Anim (NY)","first-page":"180","article-title":"Recent refinements to cranial implants for rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)","volume":"45","author":"Johnston JM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Johnston JM, Cohen YE, Shirley H, et al. Recent refinements to cranial implants for rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Lab Anim (NY). 2016;45(5):180\u2013186. doi:10.1038\/laban.997"},{"issue":"10","key":"B34","series-title":"J Neurosci","first-page":"4140","article-title":"Auditory properties in the parabelt regions of the superior temporal gyrus in the awake macaque monkey: an initial survey","volume":"35","author":"Kajikawa Y","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kajikawa Y, Frey S, Ross D, Falchier A, Hackett TA, Schroeder CE. Auditory properties in the parabelt regions of the superior temporal gyrus in the awake macaque monkey: an initial survey. J Neurosci. 2015;35(10):4140\u20134150. doi:10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3556-14.2015"},{"key":"B35","series-title":"Brain Lang","first-page":"36","article-title":"Cortico-cortical connections of areas 44 and 45B in the macaque monkey","author":"Frey S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Frey S, Mackey S, Petrides M. Cortico-cortical connections of areas 44 and 45B in the macaque monkey. Brain Lang. 2014;131:36\u201355. doi:10.1016\/j.bandl.2013.05.005"},{"issue":"3","key":"B36","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"1226","article-title":"Frameless stereotaxy in the nonhuman primate","volume":"23","author":"Frey S","year":"2004","unstructured":"Frey S, Comeau R, Hynes B, Mackey S, Petrides M. Frameless stereotaxy in the nonhuman primate. Neuroimage. 2004;23(3):1226\u20131234. doi:10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.001"},{"issue":"1","key":"B37","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"189","article-title":"Placement of deep brain electrodes in the dog using the BrainSight frameless stereotactic system: a pilot feasibility study","volume":"28","author":"Long S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Long S, Frey S, Freestone DR, et al. Placement of deep brain electrodes in the dog using the BrainSight frameless stereotactic system: a pilot feasibility study. J Vet Intern Med. 2014;28(1):189\u2013197. doi:10.1111\/jvim.12235"},{"issue":"4","key":"B38","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"676","article-title":"Onscreen-guided resection of extra-axial and intra-axial forebrain masses through registration of a variable-suction tissue resection device with a neuronavigation system","volume":"49","author":"Packer RA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Packer RA, McGrath S. Onscreen-guided resection of extra-axial and intra-axial forebrain masses through registration of a variable-suction tissue resection device with a neuronavigation system. Vet Surg. 2020;49(4):676\u2013684. doi:10.1111\/vsu.13414"},{"issue":"2","key":"B39","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"150","article-title":"Description and validation of a magnetic resonance imaging-guided stereotactic brain biopsy device in the dog","volume":"53","author":"Chen AV","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen AV, Wininger FA, Frey S, et al. Description and validation of a magnetic resonance imaging-guided stereotactic brain biopsy device in the dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2012;53(2):150\u2013156. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2011.01889.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"B40","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1642","article-title":"A pilot study of optical neuronavigation-guided brain biopsy in the horse using anatomic landmarks and fiducial arrays for patient registration","volume":"34","author":"Santistevan L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Santistevan L, Easley J, Ruple A, et al. A pilot study of optical neuronavigation-guided brain biopsy in the horse using anatomic landmarks and fiducial arrays for patient registration. J Vet Intern Med. 2020;34(4):1642\u20131649. doi:10.1111\/jvim.15813"},{"issue":"10","key":"B41","series-title":"Endocr Pract","first-page":"1339","article-title":"Postoperative considerations following pituitary surgery: a guide for clinicians","volume":"31","author":"Giraldi EA","year":"2025","unstructured":"Giraldi EA, Ioachimescu AG. Postoperative considerations following pituitary surgery: a guide for clinicians. Endocr Pract. 2025;31(10):1339\u20131345. doi:10.1016\/j.eprac.2025.06.018"},{"issue":"01","key":"B42","series-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base","first-page":"11","article-title":"Side-cutting aspiration device for endoscopic and microscopic tumor removal","volume":"73","author":"McLaughlin N","year":"2012","unstructured":"McLaughlin N, Filho L, Prevedello D, Kelly D, Carrau R, Kassam A. Side-cutting aspiration device for endoscopic and microscopic tumor removal. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2012;73(01):11\u201320. doi:10.1055\/s-0032-1304834"},{"issue":"2","key":"B43","series-title":"J Pers Med","first-page":"61","article-title":"Minimally invasive surgical strategies in intraventricular tumors: preliminary experience with tubular retractors for a personalized approach in intraventricular meningiomas","volume":"16","author":"Iacoangeli A","year":"2026","unstructured":"Iacoangeli A, Liverotti V, Chiapponi M, et al. Minimally invasive surgical strategies in intraventricular tumors: preliminary experience with tubular retractors for a personalized approach in intraventricular meningiomas. J Pers Med. 2026;16(2):61. doi:10.3390\/jpm16020061"},{"issue":"3","key":"B44","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg","first-page":"194","article-title":"Initial experience with the NICO myriad device for minimally invasive endoscopic evacuation of intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"23","author":"Song R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Song R, Ali M, Smith C, et al. Initial experience with the NICO myriad device for minimally invasive endoscopic evacuation of intracerebral hemorrhage. Oper Neurosurg. 2022;23(3):194\u2013199. doi:10.1227\/ons.0000000000000304"},{"issue":"6","key":"B45","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"1235","article-title":"Neuronavigation in small animals: development, techniques, and applications","volume":"44","author":"Wininger F","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wininger F. Neuronavigation in small animals: development, techniques, and applications. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2014;44(6):1235\u20131248. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2014.07.015"},{"issue":"1","key":"B46","series-title":"Acta Vet Scand","first-page":"54","article-title":"Application accuracy of a frameless optical neuronavigation system as a guide for craniotomies in dogs","volume":"65","author":"Gutmann S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gutmann S, Heiderhoff M, M\u00f6bius R, Siegel T, Flegel T. Application accuracy of a frameless optical neuronavigation system as a guide for craniotomies in dogs. Acta Vet Scand. 2023;65(1):54. doi:10.1186\/s13028-023-00720-y"},{"issue":"10","key":"B47","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e1738","article-title":"Video microscope robotic arm-assisted, neuronavigation-guided glioma resection and regional sampling","volume":"9","author":"Waqas M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Waqas M, Enam SA, Hashmi FA, Mubarak F, Arain F. Video microscope robotic arm-assisted, neuronavigation-guided glioma resection and regional sampling. Cureus. 2017;9(10):e1738. doi:10.7759\/cureus.1738"},{"issue":"5","key":"B48","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"664","article-title":"Transsphenoidal surgery: accuracy of an image-guided neuronavigation system to approach the pituitary fossa (Sella turcica)","volume":"47","author":"Owen TJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Owen TJ, Chen AV, Frey S, Martin LG, Kalebaugh T. Transsphenoidal surgery: accuracy of an image-guided neuronavigation system to approach the pituitary fossa (Sella turcica). Vet Surg. 2018;47(5):664\u2013671. doi:10.1111\/vsu.12906"},{"key":"B49","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","article-title":"Navigated minimally invasive puncture of the trigeminal cistern in horses\u2014a cadaveric study in preparation for a controlled rhizotomy","author":"de Preux M","year":"2025","unstructured":"de Preux M, Precht C, Becker R, Stieglitz L, Easley J, Koch C. Navigated minimally invasive puncture of the trigeminal cistern in horses\u2014a cadaveric study in preparation for a controlled rhizotomy. Front Vet Sci. 2025;12. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2025.1562404"},{"issue":"1","key":"B50","series-title":"Vet Quart","first-page":"1","article-title":"A transmandibular lateral transsphenoidal navigated surgical approach to access a pituitary macroadenoma in a warmblood mare","volume":"44","author":"de Preux M","year":"2024","unstructured":"de Preux M, Precht C, Guevar J, et al. A transmandibular lateral transsphenoidal navigated surgical approach to access a pituitary macroadenoma in a warmblood mare. Vet Quart. 2024;44(1):1\u201310. doi:10.1080\/01652176.2023.2300947"},{"issue":"6","key":"B51","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"1075","article-title":"Clinical use of computer-assisted orthopedic surgery in horses","volume":"49","author":"de Preux M","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Preux M, Klopfenstein Bregger MD, Br\u00fcnisholz HP, Van der Vekens E, Schweizer-Gorgas D, Koch C. Clinical use of computer-assisted orthopedic surgery in horses. Vet Surg. 2020;49(6):1075\u20131087. doi:10.1111\/vsu.13486"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/aop\/ajvr.26.06.0256\/ajvr.26.06.0256.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/aop\/ajvr.26.06.0256\/ajvr.26.06.0256.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:07:36Z","timestamp":1791223656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/aop\/ajvr.26.06.0256\/ajvr.26.06.0256.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"references-count":51,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.26.06.0256","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]}}}