{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T17:31:17Z","timestamp":1786555877841,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To determine the pharmacokinetic profile of ponazuril in kea following administration of a single oral dose and evaluate trough values associated with weekly dosing. The hypothesis was that weekly dosing would maintain plasma ponazuril concentrations above the inhibitory concentration of 5 \u00b5g\/mL for\n                      <jats:italic>Sarcocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                      organisms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>8 adult kea were administered 30 mg\/kg of ponazuril via oral gavage. Blood samples were collected at 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, and 192 hours in an incomplete balanced block design. Ponazuril administration was then continued weekly, and blood was collected from all birds immediately prior to the fifth weekly dose. Plasma ponazuril concentrations were determined by reverse-phase HPLC, and results were analyzed by noncompartmental analysis. Trough values were also measured after &gt; 1 year of weekly ponazuril administration for 4 birds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The estimated time to maximum concentration, maximum concentration, and estimated elimination half-life were 23 \u00b1 12 hours, 6.78 \u00b1 1.89 \u00b5g\/mL, and 128 \u00b1 49 hours, respectively. The mean trough concentration after 4 weekly doses was 5.97 \u00b1 2.15 \u00b5g\/mL. No adverse effects were observed during the study or following weekly dosing of ponazuril for &gt; 1 year, and long-term trough values were 14.06 \u00b1 4.85 \u00b5g\/mL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A single oral 30-mg\/kg dose of ponazuril administered weekly maintains plasma concentrations above the known inhibitory concentration for\n                      <jats:italic>Sarcocystis neurona<\/jats:italic>\n                      and should therefore prevent sarcocystosis in kea.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Weekly administration of ponazuril at 30 mg\/kg may prevent mortality associated with\n                      <jats:italic>Sarcocystis falcatula<\/jats:italic>\n                      in kea and other susceptible psittacines where exclusion of host species is not possible.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.26.06.0257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T16:22:41Z","timestamp":1786551761000},"page":"1-4","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pharmacokinetics of oral ponazuril in kea (Nestor notabilis) support its use as a preventative for sarcocystosis"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8258-1837","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael","family":"Wenninger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4482-2789","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jessica","family":"Heinz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Nollman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherry","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Species360 [Internet]. Zoological Information Management System (ZIMS). Accessed June 11, 2025. https:\/\/zims.species360.org"},{"issue":"1","key":"B2","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","first-page":"206","article-title":"Sarcocystosis in a captive flock of thick-billed parrots (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha) from 2005 to 2016: morbidity, mortality, diagnostics, and management strategies","volume":"52","author":"Rivas AE","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rivas AE, Conley K, Seimon TA, et al. Sarcocystosis in a captive flock of thick-billed parrots (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha) from 2005 to 2016: morbidity, mortality, diagnostics, and management strategies. J Zoo Wildl Med. 2021;52(1):206\u2013216. doi:10.1638\/2020-0044"},{"key":"B3","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"340","article-title":"Fatal Sarcocystis falcatula infection in three penguins","author":"Kirejczyk SG","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kirejczyk SG, Burns RE, Hyatt MW, et al. Fatal Sarcocystis falcatula infection in three penguins. Front Vet Sci. 2019;6:340. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2019.00340"},{"key":"B4","series-title":"PeerJ","first-page":"e12516","article-title":"The influence of storage time on ponazuril concentrations in feline plasma","author":"Cox S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cox S, Harvill L, Singleton S, Bergman JB, DeBolt B. The influence of storage time on ponazuril concentrations in feline plasma. PeerJ. 2021;9:e12516. doi:10.7717\/peerj.12516"},{"issue":"2","key":"B5","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"165","article-title":"Determination of the activity of ponazuril against Sarcocystis neurona in cell cultures","volume":"92","author":"Lindsay DS","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lindsay DS, Dubey JP, Kennedy TJ. Determination of the activity of ponazuril against Sarcocystis neurona in cell cultures. 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