{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T13:39:22Z","timestamp":1793367562171,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To determine the pharmacokinetics of IM and IV tranexamic acid (TXA) in healthy dogs.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n There were 6 healthy client-owned dogs that received TXA (20 mg\/kg) in a randomized crossover study design with a 6-week washout period between IM and IV administration. Venous blood samples were collected from baseline to 8 hours after injection. Plasma TXA concentrations were measured using LC-MS-MS.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n For IM administration, mean \u00b1 SD maximum plasma concentration (C\n max<\/jats:sub>\n ) was 46.8 \u00b1 26.6 \u03bcg\/mL, total area under the curve was 173.8 \u00b1 25.0 \u03bcg\/mL\u00b7h, time to C\n max<\/jats:sub>\n was 1.6 \u00b1 1.4 hours, half-life (t\n 1\/2<\/jats:sub>\n ) was 2.8 \u00b1 2.1 hours, and bioavailability was 120.9 \u00b1 10.0%. For IV administration, C\n max<\/jats:sub>\n was 119.8 \u00b1 17.6 \u03bcg\/mL, total area under the curve was 143.3 \u00b1 10.5 \u03bcg\/mL\u00b7h, and t\n 1\/2<\/jats:sub>\n was 2.1 \u00b1 1.8 hours.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n IM C\n max<\/jats:sub>\n reached approximately 39% of IV C\n max<\/jats:sub>\n and exhibited a 33% longer t\n 1\/2<\/jats:sub>\n , consistent with slower absorption. Despite the lower C\n max<\/jats:sub>\n , bioavailability was 120.9%, suggesting that IM TXA maintained a higher plasma concentration for a longer duration.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n \n Although the prolonged time to C\n max<\/jats:sub>\n associated with IM administration may limit its use in patients requiring rapid intervention, it offers practical advantages when IV access is delayed, allowing prehospital treatment prior to definitive veterinary care. Further investigation into IM dosing protocols is needed before it can be recommended in clinical patients.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.26.06.0266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T16:22:42Z","timestamp":1786551762000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intramuscular tranexamic acid results in lower peak plasma concentrations but comparable systemic absorption to intravenous administration in healthy dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7745-8604","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eun Ji","family":"Kwak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0327-8537","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kristin","family":"Zersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency and Critical Care Services, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7685-211X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claire","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2925-7483","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Casey","family":"Lavender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6136-1991","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Charles","family":"Talbot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Companion Animal Studies, Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3063-1669","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel","family":"Gustafson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0576-753X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tara","family":"Hendry-Hofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine CU Anschutz COMBAT Medicine Research Center, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5399-932X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kelly","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency and Critical Care Services, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"B1","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"187","article-title":"Mortality in North American dogs from 1984 to 2004: an investigation into age-, size-, and breed-related causes of death","volume":"25","author":"Fleming JM","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fleming JM, Creevy KE, Promislow DE. 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Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021;7(1):30. doi:10.1038\/s41572-021-00264-3"},{"key":"B4","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tranexamic acid administration in patients with traumatic injury: a practice management guideline from the eastern association for the surgery of trauma. East. Accessed February 13, 2025. https:\/\/www.east.org\/education-resources\/practice-management-guidelines\/details\/the-use-of-tranexamic-acid-in-the-management-of-injured-patients-at-risk-of-hemorrhage-a-systematic-"},{"issue":"10","key":"B5","series-title":"Health Technol Assess","first-page":"1","article-title":"The CRASH-2 trial: a randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of the effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events and transfusion requirement in bleeding trauma patients","volume":"17","author":"Roberts I","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roberts I, Shakur H, Coats T, et al. 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