{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T19:22:14Z","timestamp":1788981734359,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Define temporal cellular changes following joint injury using single-cell RNA sequencing in experimental equine posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      PTOA was induced in 4 Quarter Horses (3 to 5 years) via carpal osteochondral fragmentation and high-speed treadmill exercise. Synovial fluid (SF) cells and synovium were sampled over 18 weeks (November 2023 to April 2024). Single-cell suspensions were processed (10x Genomics Chromium iX), then aligned to the equine genome (Cell Ranger). Downstream analysis was completed in the R Seurat package. Differential gene expression (log\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      [fold change] &gt; 1;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05) and differential abundance analyses were performed (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .1).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cartilage injury had a modest impact on gene expression changes and cell abundance shifts in SF. Integrated analysis of 90,323 SF cells across 4 time points revealed 9 distinct cell types, primarily T cells (73 \u00b1 19%) followed by myeloid cells (20 \u00b1 13%). Subcluster analysis of T cells revealed 9 transcriptomically distinct subtypes (3 CD8, 2 CD4, 3 \u03b3\u03b4, and 1 cycling). Differential abundance analyses of temporal changes identified increased \u03b3\u03b4 T and decreased CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T-cell subsets in joints over time. Expanded populations of IL-23 receptor\u2013positive \u03b3\u03b4 T cells exhibited increased T-helper 17 signatures.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IL-23 receptor\u2013positive \u03b3\u03b4 T-cell expansion, associated with joint inflammation, occurred in PTOA. Limitations include small sample size and individual heterogeneity; further investigation over extended timeframe is necessary to confirm whether later stages of the experimental model reflect natural chronic OA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cellular immunotherapy targeting \u03b3\u03b4 T cells and IL-23\/IL-17 blockade may warrant investigation to mitigate equine OA progression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.26.06.0272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T18:58:12Z","timestamp":1788980292000},"page":"1-15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Single-cell sequencing reveals synovial fluid \u03b3\u03b4 T-cell expansion in equine experimental osteoarthritis"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5198-1206","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dylan","family":"Ammons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Center, Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"},{"name":"Immunotherapy Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6413-9517","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lyndah","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Center, Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"},{"name":"Immunotherapy Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8010-4429","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laurie","family":"Goodrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Center, Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5060-6009","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Myra","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Center, Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0205-418X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brad","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Center, Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6602-102X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Renata","family":"Impastato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Center, Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"},{"name":"Immunotherapy Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical 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