{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:52:35Z","timestamp":1791226355455,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Investigate the plasma concentrations and clinical efficacy of ponazuril in short-beaked echidnas (SBEs;\n                      <jats:italic>Tachyglossus aculeatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) with enteric coccidiosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>13 SBEs at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park with enteric coccidiosis and fecal oocyst counts greater than 400 oocysts\/g, determined using quantitative McMaster fecal flotations, were enrolled in this study. In October 2025, SBEs were treated with a single dose of ponazuril at 40 mg\/kg via oral gavage based on the results of a dose determination pilot study. Plasma samples were collected using a sparse-sampling model at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48, and 72 hours. The concentration of ponazuril in plasma was measured using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Quantitative McMaster fecal flotations were performed following treatment, and fecal oocyst count reduction percentage was calculated at 14 days and 6 months posttreatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No adverse effects were observed. Ponazuril plasma concentrations were highly variable, precluding a pharmacokinetic analysis. The median maximum plasma concentration of ponazuril was 2.46 \u03bcg\/mL (range, 0.74 to 11.94 \u03bcg\/mL). The median fecal oocyst count reduction percentage was 99% (range, 92.3% to 100%) at 14 days posttreatment and 100% (range, 98.6% to 100%) at 6 months posttreatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite variable plasma concentrations following oral administration of ponazuril in SBEs, fecal shedding of coccidia was reduced by &gt; 95% in 63% (5 of 8) of SBEs at 14 days posttreatment and 100% (7 of 7) of echidnas at 6 months posttreatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The 40-mg\/kg ponazuril dose reduced fecal shedding of\n                      <jats:italic>Eimeria<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp in SBEs with enteric coccidiosis. Although plasma concentrations were variable, we conclude that effectiveness is likely the result of high intestinal concentrations, rather than plasma drug concentrations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.26.07.0313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:07:42Z","timestamp":1791223662000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oral ponazuril results in a sustained reduction in Eimeria spp shedding in short-beaked echidnas (Tachyglossus aculeatus) despite variable plasma concentrations"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"given":"Kyle J.","family":"Kansman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"},{"name":"Department of Conservation Science and Wildlife Health, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garrett A.","family":"Fraess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservation Science and Wildlife Health, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda M.","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"},{"name":"Department of Conservation Science and Wildlife Health, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark G.","family":"Papich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren E.","family":"Camp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture, Life Sciences, and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7567-3451","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Cerreta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservation Science and Wildlife Health, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","author":"Leary T","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leary T, Seri L, Flannery T, et al. 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