{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:45:49Z","timestamp":1792086349185,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To compare the effects of liposomal bupivacaine (LB) to standard bupivacaine hydrochloride (B) formulation following neuraxial injection in inland bearded dragons (\n                      <jats:italic>Pogona vitticeps<\/jats:italic>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>12 adult bearded dragons (0.35 \u00b1 0.13 kg) were sedated with alfaxalone (15 mg\/kg SC), and neuraxial injections were performed with B treatment (1.5 mg\/kg to 0.3 mL\/kg) and LB treatment (4 mg\/kg to 0.3 mL\/kg) in all animals in a randomized, crossover, blinded experimental design with a 7-day interval. Motor\/sensory block was assessed by mechanical stimulation of limbs; 25%, 50%, and 75% of the trunk\u2019s length; and cloacal vent tone. Heart rate, respiratory rate, righting reflex, and head position were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall success was 100% for B treatment and 92% for LB treatment. Median onset was 5 minutes for both B and LB treatments. Duration and extent of blockade were similar between treatments; however, pelvic limb motor blockade was less consistent in the LB treatment (7 of 12 animals), with 3 animals showing unilateral blockade. Apnea requiring manual ventilation occurred in 2 animals in the B treatment and in 2 animals in the LB treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bupivacaine hydrochloride at 1.5 mg\/kg (0.3 mL\/kg) produced reliable motor and sensory blockade but resulted in respiratory complications. Liposomal bupivacaine at 4 mg\/kg (0.3 mL\/kg) resulted in a similar onset, extent and duration of blockade but less consistent motor blockade and was also associated with respiratory complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neuraxial injection continues to show promise as a regional anesthetic technique in healthy bearded dragons, providing extensive motor and sensory blockade. However, respiratory complications occurred with both bupivacaine formulations at the doses evaluated, indicating that lower doses should be used. Further studies are needed to establish the safety profile and clinical advantages of lipossomal bupivacaine before clinical use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.26.08.0347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:11:38Z","timestamp":1792084298000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Liposomal bupivacaine does not prolong neuraxial blockade and produces less consistent motor blockade than bupivacaine hydrochloride in inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps)"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4199-3948","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tatiana H.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnny A.","family":"Uelmen, Jr.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dustin M.","family":"Fink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2473-0994","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christoph","family":"Mans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Small Animal Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia","first-page":"227","article-title":"Epidural and spinal anesthesia","author":"Otero PE","year":"2013","unstructured":"Otero PE, Campoy L. Epidural and spinal anesthesia. In: Small Animal Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1st ed. Wiley-Blackwell; 2013:227\u2013259."},{"key":"B2","series-title":"Biology of the Reptilia","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cranio-cerebral relations in recent reptiles","author":"Starck D","year":"1979","unstructured":"Starck D Cranio-cerebral relations in recent reptiles. In: Biology of the Reptilia. Academic Press; 1979:1\u201338."},{"issue":"3","key":"B3","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"212","article-title":"Neuraxial administration of morphine combined with lidocaine induces regional antinociception in inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps)","volume":"83","author":"Fink DM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fink DM, Ferreira TH, Mans C. Neuraxial administration of morphine combined with lidocaine induces regional antinociception in inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). Am J Vet Res. 2022;83(3):212\u2013217. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.21.08.0104"},{"issue":"5","key":"B4","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"798","article-title":"Evaluation of neuraxial administration of bupivacaine in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps)","volume":"48","author":"Ferreira TH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ferreira TH, Fink DM, Mans C. Evaluation of neuraxial administration of bupivacaine in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). Vet Anaesth Analg. 2021;48(5):798\u2013803. doi:10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.06.012"},{"issue":"1","key":"B5","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"126","article-title":"Evaluation of neuraxial anesthesia in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps)","volume":"46","author":"Ferreira TH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ferreira TH, Mans C. Evaluation of neuraxial anesthesia in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). 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