{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T10:16:20Z","timestamp":1781345780576,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective\u2014<\/jats:bold>To determine whether equine motor neuron disease (EMND) could be induced in adult horses fed a diet low in vitamin E and high in copper and iron.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals\u2014<\/jats:bold>59 healthy adult horses.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedure\u2014<\/jats:bold>Horses in the experimental group (n = 8) were confined to a dirt lot and fed a concentrate low in vitamin E and high in iron and copper in addition to free-choice grass hay that had been stored for 1 year. Control horses (n = 51) were fed a concentrate containing National Research Council\u2013recommended amounts of copper, iron, and vitamin E. The hay fed to control horses was the same as that fed to experimental horses, but it had not been subjected to prolonged storage. Control horses had seasonal access to pasture, whereas experimental horses had no access to pasture. Horses that developed clinical signs of EMND were euthanatized along with an age-matched control horse to determine differences in hepatic concentrations of vitamin E, vitamin A, copper, iron, and selenium.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2014<\/jats:bold>4 experimental horses developed clinical signs of EMND. Plasma concentrations of vitamin E decreased in all 8 experimental horses. There were no significant changes in plasma concentrations of vitamin A, selenium, and copper or serum concentrations of ferritin. There were no significant differences in those analytes between experimental horses with EMND and experimental horses that did not develop EMND. No control horses developed EMND.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance\u2014<\/jats:bold>Results suggest that lack of access to pasture, dietary deficiency of vitamin E, or excessive dietary copper are likely risk factors for EMND.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.1.120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,20]],"date-time":"2006-01-20T22:24:51Z","timestamp":1137795891000},"page":"120-126","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Evaluation of the risk of motor neuron disease in horses fed a diet low in vitamin E and high in copper and iron"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Divers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Cummings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"de Lahunta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harold F.","family":"Hintz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussni O.","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Cornell Vet","first-page":"357","article-title":"Equine motor neuron disease: a preliminary report","volume":"80","author":"Cummings","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04411.x","article-title":"Equine motor neuron disease: findings in 28 horses and proposal of a patho-physiologic mechanism for the disease","volume":"26","author":"Divers","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.132.6.133","article-title":"Does equine motor neuron disease exist in the United Kingdom?","volume":"132","author":"Hahn","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.132.8.198","article-title":"Equine motor neuron disease","volume":"132","author":"Proudman","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Vet Med Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.56.195","article-title":"The first case of equine motor neuron disease in Japan","volume":"56","author":"Kuwamura","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.135.17.416-a","article-title":"Equine motor neuron disease","volume":"135","author":"Prendergast","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Tierarztl Prax","first-page":"241","article-title":"Equine motor neuron disease (EMND). 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