{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T01:30:01Z","timestamp":1790731801709,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To assess the rate and extent of ruminal degradation of warfarin, chlorophacinone, and bromadiolone in vitro and determine the oral availability and clinical and hemostatic effects of each anticoagulant rodenticide in adult sheep.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20143 Texel sheep.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Samples of ruminal fluid were incubated with each of the anticoagulants to assess the kinetics of ruminal degradation over 24 hours. To determine the plasma kinetics of the anticoagulants, each sheep received each of the anticoagulants IV or via a rumenimplanted cannula at 2-month intervals (3 rodenticide exposures\/sheep). At intervals during a 240- to 360- hour period after treatment, prothrombin time (PT) was measured, plasma anticoagulant concentration was assessed, and clinical signs of rodenticide poisoning were monitored. In plasma and rumen extracts, anticoagulant concentrations were determined via high-performance liquid chromatography.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014In the rumen extracts, anticoagulants were slightly degraded (&lt; 15%) over 24 hours. In vivo, oral availability of warfarin, chlorophacinone, and bromadiolone was estimated at 79%, 92%, and 88%, respectively. Although maximum PT was 80 seconds after chlorophacinone and bromadiolone treatments, no clinical signs of toxicosis were detected; PT returned to baseline values within 2 weeks.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014In sheep, warfarin, chlorophacinone, and bromadiolone were not degraded in the rumen but their bioavailabilities were high after oral administration; the kinetics of these compounds in sheep and other mammals are quite similar. These data suggest that the lack of susceptibility of ruminants to these anticoagulant rodenticides cannot be explained by either ruminal degradation or the specific toxicokinetics of these anticoagulants.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Received April 8, 2005. Accepted June 22, 2005.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.2.363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,2]],"date-time":"2006-02-02T15:43:42Z","timestamp":1138895022000},"page":"363-371","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Assessment of ruminal degradation, oral bioavailability, and toxic effects of anticoagulant rodenticides in sheep"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Philippe J.","family":"Berny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent Alves","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadette","family":"Videmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Hum Toxicol","first-page":"331","article-title":"Animal poisonings: the 10-year experience of a veterinary analytical laboratory","volume":"41","author":"Guitart","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Hum Toxicol","first-page":"353","article-title":"Toxicology of various anticoagulant rodenticides in animals","volume":"43","author":"Petterino","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Ir Vet J","first-page":"40","article-title":"Suspected warfarin poisoning in a calf","volume":"44","author":"O'Scanaill","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Med Small Anim Clin","first-page":"1611","article-title":"Warfarin poisoning with complications in a heifer","volume":"78","author":"Fox","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Chemosphere","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(97)00242-7","article-title":"Field evidence of secondary poisoning of foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and buzzards (Buteo buteo) by bromadiolone, a 4-year survey","volume":"35","author":"Berny","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Bull Mens Office Natl Chasse","first-page":"18","article-title":"R\u00e9seau SAGIR: douze ans de toxicovigilance","volume":"246","author":"Lamarque","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Wildl Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-35.2.187","article-title":"Poisoning of wildlife with anticoagulant rodenticides in New York","volume":"35","author":"Stone","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Bull Environ Contam Toxicol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01683488","article-title":"Effects of the anticoagulant diphenadione on suckling calves","volume":"20","author":"Elias","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"857","article-title":"Sweet clover poisoning in dairy cattle in California","volume":"212","author":"Puschner","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"729","article-title":"Vitamin K treatment of sweet clover poisoning in calves","volume":"187","author":"Alstad","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.216.1605","article-title":"Hemorrhagic diathesis, mesenteric hematoma, and colic associated with ingestion of sweet vernal grass in a cow","volume":"216","author":"Bartol","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Veterinary medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses","first-page":"370","author":"Radostits","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Biochem J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0430099","article-title":"Studies on ruminant saliva. 1. 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