{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T20:34:31Z","timestamp":1785270871348,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate the effect of intratesticular administration of lidocaine on cardiovascular responses and cremaster muscle tension during castration of isoflurane-anesthetized stallions.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201428 healthy stallions (mean \u00b1 SD age, 4.2 \u00b1 2.8 years) with no testicular abnormalities that were scheduled for castration.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Each horse was given acepromazine (20 \u03bcg\/kg, IM), romifidine (50 \u03bcg\/kg, IV), and butorphanol (20 \u03bcg\/kg, IV). Anesthesia was induced with ketamine (2.5 mg\/kg, IV) and midazolam (50 \u03bcg\/kg, IV) and maintained with isoflurane (1.7% end-tidal concentration). After 10 minutes at a stable anesthetic plane, a needle was placed in each testicle and either no fluid or 15 mL of 2% lidocaine was injected; 10 minutes after needle placement, surgery was commenced. Pulse rate and arterial blood pressures were measured invasively at intervals from 5 minutes prior to castration (baseline) until 5 minutes after the left spermatic cord was clamped. The surgeon subjectively scored the degree of cremaster muscle tension. In 2 horses, lidocaine labeled with radioactive carbon (C<jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>) was used and testicular autoradiograms were obtained.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Compared with baseline values, castration significantly increased blood pressure measurements; intratesticular injection of lidocaine decreased this blood pressure response and cremaster muscle tension. In 2 horses, autoradiography revealed diffuse distribution of lidocaine into the spermatic cord but poor distribution into the cremaster muscle.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014In isoflurane-anesthetized stallions, intratesticular injection of lidocaine prior to castration appeared to decrease intraoperative blood pressure responses and cremaster muscle tension and may be a beneficial supplement to isoflurane anesthesia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.3.403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,28]],"date-time":"2006-02-28T22:22:05Z","timestamp":1141165325000},"page":"403-408","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Effect of intratesticular injection of lidocaine on cardiovascular responses to castration in isoflurane-anesthetized stallions"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Henning A.","family":"Haga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sigrid","family":"Lykkjen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Revold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Ranheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Veterinary anesthesia.","first-page":"40","article-title":"Perioperative pain and distress","author":"Thurmon","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04102.x","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of surgical castration during anaesthesia maintained with halothane or infusion of detomidine, ketamine and guaifenesin in 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