{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T12:02:57Z","timestamp":1769169777986,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To compare the urodynamic and morphologic effects of the administration of estriol alone and in combination with phenylpropanolamine on the lower portion of the urogenital tract in female dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20143 sexually intact and 3 spayed female Beagles without urinary incontinence.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Dogs received estriol (2 mg, PO) once daily for 7 days followed by estriol (2 mg, PO) and phenylpropanolamine (1.5 mg\/kg, PO) once daily for 7 days. Urethral pressure profilometry, diuresis cystometry, and vaginourethrography were performed before treatment (day 0) and at days 7 and 14. The maximum urethral pressure (MUP) and closure pressure (MUCP), urethral functional and anatomic profile lengths, integrated pressure (IP), plateau, distance before MUP, maximum meatus pressure, threshold pressure, threshold volume, compliance, urethral length, and vaginal length and width were measured.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Before treatment, no urodynamic differences were observed between the 2 groups; however, vaginal length and width were significantly shorter in spayed dogs. Compared with day 0 values, estriol treatment significantly increased MUP, MUCP, and IP values at day 7, but at day 14, this effect decreased despite phenylpropanolamine administration. No morphologic changes from baseline were detected after either treatment in any dog.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Data suggest that estriol mainly acts on the urethral sphincter mechanism by increasing urethral resistance in sexually intact and spayed female dogs without urinary incontinence. Administration of estriol and phenylpropanolamine did not increase the urethral resistance more than estriol alone. The urodynamic effects of estriol in female dogs with urinary incontinence remain to be elucidated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.5.901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,1]],"date-time":"2006-05-01T16:31:51Z","timestamp":1146501111000},"page":"901-908","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Urodynamic and morphologic changes in the lower portion of the urogenital tract after administration of estriol alone and in combination with phenylpropanolamine in sexually intact and spayed female dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Annick J.","family":"Hamaide","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Guillaume","family":"Grand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Farnir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ga\u00ebl","family":"Le Couls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric R.","family":"Snaps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc H.","family":"Balligand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Verstegen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"347","article-title":"Urinary incontinence in dogs and cats","volume":"127","author":"Holt","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1985.tb02099.x","article-title":"Urinary incontinence in the bitch due to sphincter mechanism incompetence: prevalence in referred dogs and retrospective analysis of sixty cases","volume":"26","author":"Holt","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.116.26.695","article-title":"Association between urinary incontinence and spaying in bitches","volume":"116","author":"Thrusfield","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Companion Anim Pract","first-page":"12","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of acquired canine urinary incontinence","volume":"19","author":"Krawiec","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.133.8.177","article-title":"Association in bitches between breed, size, neutering and docking, and acquired urinary incontinence due to incompetence of the urethral sphincter mechanism","volume":"133","author":"Holt","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1998.tb03709.x","article-title":"Acquired urinary incontinence in bitches: its incidence and relationship to neutering practices","volume":"39","author":"Thrusfield","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"601","article-title":"Diagnosis and pharmacological management of disorders of urinary continence in the dog","volume":"3","author":"Rosin","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"605","article-title":"Clinical response and urethral pressure profile changes after phenylpropanolamine in dogs with primary sphincter incompetence","volume":"187","author":"Richter","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1881","article-title":"Effects of xylazine on the urethral pressure profile of healthy dogs","volume":"46","author":"Richter","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1988.tb01901.x","article-title":"\u201cSimultaneous\u201d urethral pressure profilometry: comparisons between continent and incontinent bitches","volume":"29","author":"Holt","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Maturitas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5122(92)90244-X","article-title":"The menopause, urinary incontinence and other symptoms of the genitor-urinary tract","volume":"15","author":"Rekers","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Acta Chir Scand Suppl","first-page":"1","article-title":"Simultaneous recording of intravesical and intra-urethral pressure: a study of urethral closure in normal and stress incontinent women","volume":"276","author":"Enh\u00f6rning","year":"1961"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Urol Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1159\/000279956","article-title":"Dependence of resting urethral pressure on age and sex of healthy subjects and on technical details","volume":"30","author":"Haubensak","year":"1975"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Scand J Urol Nephrol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3109\/00365597909179993","article-title":"The urethral pressure profiles in continent and stress-incontinent women","volume":"13","author":"Henriksson","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.3109\/00016348009154090","article-title":"Urethral pressure profile in continent women from childhood to old age","volume":"59","author":"Rud","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Urol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)55784-5","article-title":"Urethral pressure profile in female incontinence","volume":"123","author":"Susset","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Neurourol Urodyn","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.1930110602","article-title":"Urethral pressure variations in healthy and incontinent women","volume":"11","author":"Sorensen","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1984.tb03427.x","article-title":"An evaluation of positive contrast vaginourethrography as a diagnostic aid in the bitch","volume":"25","author":"Holt","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1999.tb03787.x","article-title":"Vaginal position and length in the bitch: relationship to spaying and urinary incontinence","volume":"40","author":"Gregory","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Theriogenology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.02.011","article-title":"Changes in plasma gonadotropin concentrations and urethral closure pressure in the bitch during the 12 months following ovariectomy","volume":"62","author":"Reichler","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Urol Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1159\/000280134","article-title":"Treatment of stress incontinence with estrogen in postmenopausal women","volume":"32","author":"Faber","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Urol Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1159\/000280190","article-title":"Urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women treated with estrogens","volume":"33","author":"Walter","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3109\/00016348009155409","article-title":"The effects of estrogens and gestagens on the urethral pressure profile in urinary continent and stress incontinent women","volume":"59","author":"Rud","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1983.tb06766.x","article-title":"The use of intravaginal oestrogen cream in genuine stress incontinence","volume":"90","author":"Hilton","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1987.tb03152.x","article-title":"Treatment with oral piperazine sulphate for genuine stress incontinence in postmenopausal women","volume":"94","author":"Wilson","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Maturitas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5122(85)90057-X","article-title":"Occurrence, nature and treatment of urinary incontinence in a 75 year old female population","volume":"7","author":"Samsloe","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct","first-page":"281","article-title":"Does low dose vaginal estradiol improve frequency and urgency in postmenopausal women?","volume":"3","author":"Benness","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Maturitas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5122(93)90028-G","article-title":"Oestriol in the treatment of postmenopausal urgency: a multicentre study","volume":"18","author":"Cardozo","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Menopause","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1097\/01.GME.0000077620.13164.62","article-title":"Efficacy of lowdose intravaginal estriol on urogenital aging in postmenopausal women","volume":"11","author":"Dessole","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Vet Q","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S42","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1997.9694802","article-title":"Treatment of urinary incontinence in the bitch: a pilot field study with Incurin","volume":"19","author":"Janszen","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.149.25.764","article-title":"Treatment of bitches with acquired urinary incontinence with oestriol","volume":"149","author":"Mandigers","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"J Urol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)52129-1","article-title":"Female urethra: a target for oestrogen action","volume":"129","author":"Batra","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.3109\/00016348109155491","article-title":"Cytosol estrogen receptors in the urogenital tissues in stress incontinent women","volume":"60","author":"Ingelman-Sundberg","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(81)90710-9","article-title":"Estrogen receptors in the human female lower urinary tract","volume":"141","author":"Iosif","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1159\/000299286","article-title":"Estradiol receptors in the urethra and the bladder of the female rabbit","volume":"16","author":"Urner","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"Endocrinology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-121-5-1773","article-title":"Immunocytochemical localization of estrogen receptors in the normal male and female canine urinary tract and prostate","volume":"121","author":"Schulze","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"J Steroid Biochem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4731(84)90011-6","article-title":"The agonistic and antagonistic actions of estriol","volume":"20","author":"Clark","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl","first-page":"1","article-title":"Urinary incontinence and related urogenital symptoms in elderly women","volume":"158","author":"Molander","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"1st Cong Eur Vet Soc Small Anim Reprod","first-page":"318","article-title":"Safety trial in bitches with tablets containing oestriol (Incurin), in Proceedings","author":"Hendriks","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref40","series-title":"Zentralbl Gynakol","first-page":"839","article-title":"Effects of oestradiol and combined norephedrin and oestradiol treatment on female stress incontinence","volume":"102","author":"Ek","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"Obstet Gynecol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(96)00281-5","article-title":"Efficacy of estrogen supplementation in the treatment of urinary incontinence","volume":"88","author":"Fantl","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref42","series-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1999.tb08372.x","article-title":"The effect of oestrogen supplementation on post-menopausal urinary stress incontinence: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"106","author":"Jackson","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref43","series-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02718372","article-title":"Effects of protracted administration of estriol on the lower genito urinary tract in postmenopausal women","volume":"251","author":"Iosif","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref44","series-title":"ESVIM Newsletter","first-page":"13","article-title":"Oestriol: pharmacology and effects on lower urinary tract function","volume":"9","author":"Nickel","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref45","series-title":"Invest Urol","first-page":"67","article-title":"Effect of estrogen on sensitivity of rabbit bladder and urethra to phenylephrine","volume":"16","author":"Hodgson","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref46","series-title":"Current veterinary therapy VII: small animal practice","first-page":"1128","article-title":"Non-neurogenic urinary incontinence","author":"Osborne","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref47","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)32256-2","article-title":"Effect of hormones on urethral sensitivity to phenylephrine in normal and incontinent dogs","volume":"34","author":"Creed","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref48","series-title":"J Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1985.sp015538","article-title":"The effects of oestrogens on spontaneous activity and responses to phenylephrine of the mammalian urethra","volume":"358","author":"Callahan","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref49","series-title":"Urol Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1159\/000280978","article-title":"Urethral insufficiency in postmenopausal females: treatment with phenylpropanolamine and estriol separately and in combination","volume":"39","author":"Beisland","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref50","series-title":"Urology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(88)90400-1","article-title":"Estrogens and phenylpropanolamine in combination for stress urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women","volume":"32","author":"Kinn","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref51","series-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1159\/000293211","article-title":"Effect of combined treatment with phenylpropanolamine and estriol, compared with estriol treatment alone, in postmenopausal women with stress urinary incontinence","volume":"30","author":"Ahlstrom","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref52","series-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00600027","article-title":"Oral and intravaginal estrogens alone and in combination with alpha-adrenergic stimulation in genuine stress incontinence","volume":"1","author":"Hilton","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref53","series-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00600025","article-title":"Stress urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women treated with oral estrogen (Estriol) and an alpha-adrenoceptor-stimulating agent (Phenylpropanolamine): a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"1","author":"Walter","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref54","series-title":"Urol Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1159\/000280026","article-title":"Estrogenic sensitivity of alpha-receptors in the urethral musculature","volume":"31","author":"Schreiter","year":"1976"},{"key":"ref55","series-title":"Canine and feline theriogenology","first-page":"32","article-title":"Vaginal cytology","author":"Johnston","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref56","series-title":"Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals","first-page":"1","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref57","series-title":"Neurourol Urodyn","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.1930090306","article-title":"Simultaneous urethral pressure profilometry using a microtip transducer catheter in the bitch: effects of bitch position and transducer orientation","volume":"9","author":"Holt","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref58","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2003.64.574","article-title":"Validation and comparison of the use of diuresis cystometry and retrograde filling cystometry at various infusion rates in female Beagle dogs","volume":"64","author":"Hamaide","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref59","series-title":"Current veterinary therapy X: small animal practice","first-page":"1142","article-title":"Positive-contrast vaginourethrography for diagnosis of lower urinary tract disease","author":"Holt","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref60","series-title":"Br J Urol","first-page":"39","article-title":"First report on the standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function","volume":"48","year":"1976"},{"key":"ref61","series-title":"Introduction to statistics","first-page":"182","article-title":"Statistical methods","author":"Lentner","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref62","series-title":"Obstet Gynecol","first-page":"69","article-title":"Computer-assisted virtual urethral pressure profile in the assessment of female genuine stress incontinence","volume":"99","author":"Wolters","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref63","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.1075","article-title":"Influence of the estrous cycle on urodynamic and morphometric measurements of the lower portion of the urogenital tract in dogs","volume":"66","author":"Hamaide","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref64","series-title":"Arch Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1975.01360090017003","article-title":"Some clinical implications of adrenergic receptors in the urinary tract","volume":"110","author":"Caine","year":"1975"},{"key":"ref65","series-title":"J Urol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)35761-0","article-title":"Effects of long-term treatment with estrogen and progesterone on in vitro muscle responses of the female rabbit urinary bladder and urethra to autonomic drugs and nerve stimulation","volume":"150","author":"Ekstrom","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref66","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)31240-2","article-title":"\u201cSimultaneous\u201d urethral pressure profilometry in the bitch: methodology and reproducibility of the technique","volume":"47","author":"Holt","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref67","series-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther","first-page":"557","article-title":"Effects of estradiol on norepinephrine-induced contraction, alpha-adrenoceptor number and norepinephrine content in the female rabbit urethra","volume":"229","author":"Larsson","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref68","series-title":"Neurourol Urodyn","first-page":"327","article-title":"The effect of oestradiol on vaginal collagen in post-menopausal women with stress urinary incontinence","volume":"15","author":"Jackson","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref69","series-title":"Neurourol Urodyn","first-page":"283","article-title":"The pathophysiological changes of vaginal tissue in women with stress urinary incontinence: a controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"James","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref70","series-title":"Acta Physiol Scand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1985.tb07577.x","article-title":"Effects of oestrogen and progesterone on the blood flow in the lower urinary tract of the rabbit","volume":"123","author":"Batra","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref71","series-title":"Neurourol Urodyn","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.1930050604","article-title":"Urethral instability: diagnosis based on variations in the maximum urethral pressure in normal climacteric women","volume":"5","author":"Versi","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref72","series-title":"J Urol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)45338-9","article-title":"Increases in blood flow of the female rabbit urethra following low dose estrogens","volume":"136","author":"Batra","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref73","series-title":"Urol Clin North Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-0143(21)00533-4","article-title":"Hormonal influence on the urinary tract","volume":"22","author":"Klutke","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref74","series-title":"Obstet Gynecol","first-page":"15","article-title":"Effects of estrogen therapy on vaginal physiology during the menopause","volume":"66","author":"Semmens","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref75","series-title":"Acta Anat (Basel)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1159\/000147760","article-title":"Stereological analysis of the urethra in sexually intact and spayed female dogs","volume":"154","author":"Augsburger","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref76","series-title":"Histol Histopathol","first-page":"1109","article-title":"Innervation of the proximal urethra of ovariectomized and estrogen-treated female rats","volume":"19","author":"Smith","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref77","series-title":"Urol Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s002400050079","article-title":"Influence of ovariectomy on the canine striated external urethral sphincter (M. urethralis): a stereological analysis of slow and fast twitch fibres","volume":"26","author":"Augsburger","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref78","series-title":"J Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-03-01122.1997","article-title":"Estrogen induces axonal outgrowth in the nucleus retroambiguus-lumbosacral motoneuronal pathway in the adult female cat","volume":"17","author":"Vanderhorst","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref79","series-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther","first-page":"614","article-title":"Estrogen-induced alterations in the autonomic responses of the rabbit urinary bladder","volume":"215","author":"Levin","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref80","series-title":"J Urol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)45980-5","article-title":"Effect of estrogens on the weight and muscarinic cholinergic receptor density of the rabbit bladder and urethra","volume":"135","author":"Shapiro","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref81","series-title":"Acta Physiol Scand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1989.tb08729.x","article-title":"Oestrogen-induced changes in muscarinic receptor density and contractile responses in the female rabbit urinary bladder","volume":"137","author":"Batra","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref82","series-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01740662","article-title":"The direct effects of diethylstilboestrol and nifedipine on the contractile responses of isolated human and rat detrusor muscles","volume":"43","author":"Elliott","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref83","series-title":"Br J Pharmacol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1992.tb14521.x","article-title":"The effect of in vivo oestrogen pre-treatment on the contractile response of rat isolated detrusor muscle","volume":"107","author":"Elliott","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref84","series-title":"Obstet Gynecol","first-page":"823","article-title":"Post-menopausal urinary incontinence: comparison between non-estrogen and estrogen supplemented women","volume":"71","author":"Fantl","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref85","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.4.723","article-title":"Evaluation of the urodynamic and hemodynamic effects of orally administered phenylpropanolamine and ephedrine in female dogs","volume":"67","author":"Carofiglio","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref86","series-title":"J Urol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)36781-2","article-title":"Effect of estrogen treatment on the peroxidase activity and estrogen receptors in the female rabbit urogenital tissues","volume":"148","author":"Batra","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref87","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"691","article-title":"Simultaneous diuresis cysto-urethrometry and multichannel urethral pressure profilometry in female dogs with refractory urinary incontinence","volume":"58","author":"Nickel","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref88","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1001","article-title":"Canine reproduction: reproductive organs and related structures of the nonparous, parous, and postpartum bitch","volume":"34","author":"Sokolowski","year":"1973"},{"key":"ref89","series-title":"J Urol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)36777-0","article-title":"The influence of ovariectomy and estradiol replacement on urinary bladder function in rats","volume":"148","author":"Longhurst","year":"1992"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/67\/5\/ajvr.67.5.901.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/67\/5\/ajvr.67.5.901.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/67\/5\/ajvr.67.5.901.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:14:04Z","timestamp":1741349644000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/67\/5\/ajvr.67.5.901.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.67.5.901","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]}}}